BIOL-2402-Holes-ch21_lecture_apr
... • The concentrations of positively charged ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca+2) are of particular importance • These ions are vital for nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane permeability • Sodium ions account for nearly 90% of t ...
... • The concentrations of positively charged ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca+2) are of particular importance • These ions are vital for nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane permeability • Sodium ions account for nearly 90% of t ...
Human Anatomy Unit 6 – Chapter 8 – Nervous System Work List
... outside of the cell has a net positive charge, and the inside of the cell has a net negative charge. The cell membrane is said to be electrically charged because there is a difference in electrical charge between its outer and inner surfaces. Where does this difference come from? Some of the differe ...
... outside of the cell has a net positive charge, and the inside of the cell has a net negative charge. The cell membrane is said to be electrically charged because there is a difference in electrical charge between its outer and inner surfaces. Where does this difference come from? Some of the differe ...
File
... o The nucleus is located _____________ from the myelin sheath and outward ___________________________ wrap around the nerve. As a result, there is _________ __________________________________. ...
... o The nucleus is located _____________ from the myelin sheath and outward ___________________________ wrap around the nerve. As a result, there is _________ __________________________________. ...
Chapter 16 Sense Organs
... • stereocilium on inner hair cells – single transmembrane protein at tip that functions as a mechanically gated ion channel • stretchy protein filament (tip link) connects ion channel of one stereocilium to the sidewall of the next taller stereocilium • tallest one is bent when basilar membrane rise ...
... • stereocilium on inner hair cells – single transmembrane protein at tip that functions as a mechanically gated ion channel • stretchy protein filament (tip link) connects ion channel of one stereocilium to the sidewall of the next taller stereocilium • tallest one is bent when basilar membrane rise ...
In The Name of Allah The Most Beneficent The
... Increased conduction velocity Saltatory conduction is about 30-times faster than continuous conduction Improved energy efficiency By limiting electrical currents to the nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction allows fewer ions to leak through the membrane This ultimately saves metabolic energy — a si ...
... Increased conduction velocity Saltatory conduction is about 30-times faster than continuous conduction Improved energy efficiency By limiting electrical currents to the nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction allows fewer ions to leak through the membrane This ultimately saves metabolic energy — a si ...
Membrane Potential Fluctuations in Neural Integrator
... provide input for multiple target neurons. While information generally flows from the dendrite to the soma to the axon to the target dendrite, examples exist for direct dendro-dendritic [51] or dendro-axonal connections [52]. Information flows into neurons through synapses. Neurotransmitter diffuse ...
... provide input for multiple target neurons. While information generally flows from the dendrite to the soma to the axon to the target dendrite, examples exist for direct dendro-dendritic [51] or dendro-axonal connections [52]. Information flows into neurons through synapses. Neurotransmitter diffuse ...
PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... • Acidosis results from the accumulation of acids or loss of bases, both of which cause abnormal increases in the hydrogen ion concentrations of body fluids • Alkalosis results from a loss of acids or an accumulation of bases accompanied by a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations ...
... • Acidosis results from the accumulation of acids or loss of bases, both of which cause abnormal increases in the hydrogen ion concentrations of body fluids • Alkalosis results from a loss of acids or an accumulation of bases accompanied by a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations ...
Membrane potential synchrony of simultaneously recorded striatal
... medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum seems to depend on convergent input within these information channels2. To determine the degree of correlated input, both below and at threshold for the generation of action potentials, we recorded intracellularly from pairs of spiny neurons in vivo. Here w ...
... medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum seems to depend on convergent input within these information channels2. To determine the degree of correlated input, both below and at threshold for the generation of action potentials, we recorded intracellularly from pairs of spiny neurons in vivo. Here w ...
Melting the Iceberg
... outputs of appropriate ON-center and OFF-center LGN neurons (Figure 1A). This model ensures that the cell is more depolarized by stimuli of preferred orientation than by stimuli of other orientations (green in Figure 1B). However, it results in some depolarization at all orientations, including the ...
... outputs of appropriate ON-center and OFF-center LGN neurons (Figure 1A). This model ensures that the cell is more depolarized by stimuli of preferred orientation than by stimuli of other orientations (green in Figure 1B). However, it results in some depolarization at all orientations, including the ...
Receptor potential
... some ion channels (usually Na channels) in the membrane to close and others to open 4. Change in ion flow changes membrane potential (receptor potential) of sensory cell ...
... some ion channels (usually Na channels) in the membrane to close and others to open 4. Change in ion flow changes membrane potential (receptor potential) of sensory cell ...
Nerve Impulse Transmission
... carry it toward the cell body, which contains the nucleus. • The axon carries the impulse from the cell body toward the synaptic knobs where it will be transferred to other neurons. ...
... carry it toward the cell body, which contains the nucleus. • The axon carries the impulse from the cell body toward the synaptic knobs where it will be transferred to other neurons. ...
DiI, DiD, DiR, DiO, DiA
... membrane dye that labels cell membranes by inserting its two long (C18 carbon) hydrocarbon chains into the lipid bilayers. It is the most standard lipophilic dye for ER, Golgi studies. Particularly, it has been extensively used for the anterograde and retrograde labeling of neurons. The intense fluo ...
... membrane dye that labels cell membranes by inserting its two long (C18 carbon) hydrocarbon chains into the lipid bilayers. It is the most standard lipophilic dye for ER, Golgi studies. Particularly, it has been extensively used for the anterograde and retrograde labeling of neurons. The intense fluo ...
File
... usually (not always) the Axon terminal. The axon terminals are also called the bouton terminaux or synaptic knob. The synaptic knobs have synaptic vesicles that contain the NT (neurotransmitters). The NT are produced in the body & conducted along the axon (anterograde flow). The NT can be inhibitory ...
... usually (not always) the Axon terminal. The axon terminals are also called the bouton terminaux or synaptic knob. The synaptic knobs have synaptic vesicles that contain the NT (neurotransmitters). The NT are produced in the body & conducted along the axon (anterograde flow). The NT can be inhibitory ...
Transvascular and Intrastitial Transport File
... small molecules (ions, water, nutrients) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel. • Flux across membrane J=P*S*∆C – J= rate of mass flow kg/s (not kg/m2*s) – S= vessel wall surface area in m2 – ∆C= pressure difference across vessel wall in ...
... small molecules (ions, water, nutrients) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel. • Flux across membrane J=P*S*∆C – J= rate of mass flow kg/s (not kg/m2*s) – S= vessel wall surface area in m2 – ∆C= pressure difference across vessel wall in ...
lec#37 by Dalin Mohammad corrected by Bayan
... Types of receptors: Mechanical to electrical impulses which is the action potential Thermoreceptors that will change from heat to electrical impulses Shape-sensitive receptors Nociceptors that are pain-senstive Electromagnetic that are light-sensitive for vision Chemoreceptors taste and smell- sensi ...
... Types of receptors: Mechanical to electrical impulses which is the action potential Thermoreceptors that will change from heat to electrical impulses Shape-sensitive receptors Nociceptors that are pain-senstive Electromagnetic that are light-sensitive for vision Chemoreceptors taste and smell- sensi ...
nerves
... Starting a Nerve Impulse • Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane • A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane • The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 ...
... Starting a Nerve Impulse • Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane • A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane • The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 ...
PDF
... the synchronization patterns induced in the network reflect global stimulus properties and are not a fixed property of the network (Singer & Gray, 1995). In particular, when only a single stimulus is presented, the strength of synchronization of neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex over sh ...
... the synchronization patterns induced in the network reflect global stimulus properties and are not a fixed property of the network (Singer & Gray, 1995). In particular, when only a single stimulus is presented, the strength of synchronization of neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex over sh ...
No Slide Title
... Creation of Resting Membrane Potential • potassium ions (K+) have the greatest influence on RMP – plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than any other ion – leaks out until electrical charge of cytoplasmic anions attracts it back in and equilibrium is reached and net diffusion of K+ stops – K+ is ...
... Creation of Resting Membrane Potential • potassium ions (K+) have the greatest influence on RMP – plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than any other ion – leaks out until electrical charge of cytoplasmic anions attracts it back in and equilibrium is reached and net diffusion of K+ stops – K+ is ...
Principles of Extracellular Single
... with behaviors or physiological events. Electrical or chemical stimulation of identified cell populations at the recording site can also be used to determine the effects of cell activity on behavior or physiology. As with any methodology, there are limits to the kinds of questions that can be addres ...
... with behaviors or physiological events. Electrical or chemical stimulation of identified cell populations at the recording site can also be used to determine the effects of cell activity on behavior or physiology. As with any methodology, there are limits to the kinds of questions that can be addres ...
Document
... The nervous system originates from the neural tube and neural crest The neural tube becomes the CNS There is a three-phase process of ...
... The nervous system originates from the neural tube and neural crest The neural tube becomes the CNS There is a three-phase process of ...
Orexin-A excites rat lateral vestibular nucleus neurons and improves
... present study, effect of orexin-A on the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), which holds a key position in controlling head and eye movements, were investigated. Immunofluorescence histochemical results showed that both orexin 1 receptors (OX1Rs) and orexin 2 receptors (OX2Rs) are presented in the MVN ...
... present study, effect of orexin-A on the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), which holds a key position in controlling head and eye movements, were investigated. Immunofluorescence histochemical results showed that both orexin 1 receptors (OX1Rs) and orexin 2 receptors (OX2Rs) are presented in the MVN ...
Regulation of Action-Potential Firing in Spiny Neurons of the Rat
... the spontaneously active neurons the threshold for action potentials arising from spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential was intermediate between that for current pulses and that for cortical stimulation. Comparison of traces showing firing in response to cortical stimulation and firing in r ...
... the spontaneously active neurons the threshold for action potentials arising from spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential was intermediate between that for current pulses and that for cortical stimulation. Comparison of traces showing firing in response to cortical stimulation and firing in r ...
Excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the superior olivary complex
... sites on each calyx (Schneggenberger and Neher, 2000). The role of calcium and calcium sequestration mechanisms in regulating exocytosis and vesicle recycling are major areas of interest which will have a major impact on information transmission at this site (Helmchen et al., 1997). Integration of t ...
... sites on each calyx (Schneggenberger and Neher, 2000). The role of calcium and calcium sequestration mechanisms in regulating exocytosis and vesicle recycling are major areas of interest which will have a major impact on information transmission at this site (Helmchen et al., 1997). Integration of t ...
The Nervous System: Neural Tissue
... • Based on the direction of impulse transmission – Sensory neurons – Motor neurons – Interneurons (association) ...
... • Based on the direction of impulse transmission – Sensory neurons – Motor neurons – Interneurons (association) ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).