Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... Summation It needs to be understood that in many cases, the neurotransmitters released from a single neuron are not enough to reach the threshold level in the postsynaptic neuron which means an action potential will NOT occur. The effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters released f ...
... Summation It needs to be understood that in many cases, the neurotransmitters released from a single neuron are not enough to reach the threshold level in the postsynaptic neuron which means an action potential will NOT occur. The effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters released f ...
The LIM and POU homeobox genes ttx-3 and unc
... factor initiates and maintains the terminal differentiation program of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain (Smidt and Burbach, 2009), whereas the Pet1 transcription factor initiates and maintains the terminal differentiation program of serotonergic neurons (Liu et al., 2010). However, few neuronal ...
... factor initiates and maintains the terminal differentiation program of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain (Smidt and Burbach, 2009), whereas the Pet1 transcription factor initiates and maintains the terminal differentiation program of serotonergic neurons (Liu et al., 2010). However, few neuronal ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order t ...
... structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order t ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... to the functional studies of the nervous system. Without the fundamental knowledge of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Excellent textbooks are available for students studying in the English language co ...
... to the functional studies of the nervous system. Without the fundamental knowledge of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Excellent textbooks are available for students studying in the English language co ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... 212, 213, 230). In these and many other studies, stimulusinduced A2 neuronal activation is characterized by immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product, Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through whic ...
... 212, 213, 230). In these and many other studies, stimulusinduced A2 neuronal activation is characterized by immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product, Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through whic ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... In the ventral part of the spinal cord, motor neurons are organized into segregated motor pools, which innervate particular muscles. Alpha motor neurons send their axons from the spinal gray matter to terminate on extrafusal muscle fibers. Gamma motor neurons send their axons to intrafusal muscle fibe ...
... In the ventral part of the spinal cord, motor neurons are organized into segregated motor pools, which innervate particular muscles. Alpha motor neurons send their axons from the spinal gray matter to terminate on extrafusal muscle fibers. Gamma motor neurons send their axons to intrafusal muscle fibe ...
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and
... distribution of fractions of deleted mtDNA that accumulate in individual pigmented neurons with age (Fig. 1). The number of mtDNA deletions was significantly different between old and young tissues (P o 0.0001 by two-sample, two-tailed, homeoscedastic t-test, regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years ...
... distribution of fractions of deleted mtDNA that accumulate in individual pigmented neurons with age (Fig. 1). The number of mtDNA deletions was significantly different between old and young tissues (P o 0.0001 by two-sample, two-tailed, homeoscedastic t-test, regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... ONE 5(8): e12436. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012436 ...
... ONE 5(8): e12436. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012436 ...
A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in
... We shall make the following physical assumptions for our calculus. 1. The activity of the neuron is an "all-or-none" process. 2. A certain fixed number of synapses must be excited within the period of latent addition in order to excite a neuron at any time, and this number is independent of previous ...
... We shall make the following physical assumptions for our calculus. 1. The activity of the neuron is an "all-or-none" process. 2. A certain fixed number of synapses must be excited within the period of latent addition in order to excite a neuron at any time, and this number is independent of previous ...
Skeletal System
... possible, even as it directs body processes such as digestion and elimination Resting and digesting division ...
... possible, even as it directs body processes such as digestion and elimination Resting and digesting division ...
Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor
... times to decompression surgery led to improved functional recovery, and, while a return of sensation occurred in all patients, motor recovery was limited. Thus, absence of motor recovery after nerve damage may result from a failure of synapse reformation after prolonged denervation rather than a fai ...
... times to decompression surgery led to improved functional recovery, and, while a return of sensation occurred in all patients, motor recovery was limited. Thus, absence of motor recovery after nerve damage may result from a failure of synapse reformation after prolonged denervation rather than a fai ...
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... INTRODUCTION The cytoarchitecture of the mammalian cortex is formed during embryonic and postnatal development through the synchronization of progenitor proliferation and specification, neuronal differentiation and neuronal migration (reviewed by Shoemaker and Arlotta, 2010; Molyneaux et al., 2007; ...
... INTRODUCTION The cytoarchitecture of the mammalian cortex is formed during embryonic and postnatal development through the synchronization of progenitor proliferation and specification, neuronal differentiation and neuronal migration (reviewed by Shoemaker and Arlotta, 2010; Molyneaux et al., 2007; ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... direction), the animal’s behaviour varied between chance and perfect performance (FIG. 3b). Neural signals in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) covaried with the animal’s final decision, but were also modulated by the quality of the sensory evidence (motion coherence). Importantly, this correlati ...
... direction), the animal’s behaviour varied between chance and perfect performance (FIG. 3b). Neural signals in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) covaried with the animal’s final decision, but were also modulated by the quality of the sensory evidence (motion coherence). Importantly, this correlati ...
Dopamine Modulates the Function of Group II and Group III
... Parkinsonian state, an agonist of group II mGluRs could selectively reduce the increased excitatory drive through the indirect pathway. In contrast, we have shown that group III mGluRs are presynaptically located on excitatory and inhibitory terminals projecting to SNr neurons and that activation of ...
... Parkinsonian state, an agonist of group II mGluRs could selectively reduce the increased excitatory drive through the indirect pathway. In contrast, we have shown that group III mGluRs are presynaptically located on excitatory and inhibitory terminals projecting to SNr neurons and that activation of ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... 2.3.2 Terminations of LOC Fibers Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditor ...
... 2.3.2 Terminations of LOC Fibers Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditor ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here, we extend this theoretical framework to populations of more realistic Hodgkin–Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. In a noisy network of GAB ...
... Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here, we extend this theoretical framework to populations of more realistic Hodgkin–Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. In a noisy network of GAB ...
Title - HAL
... Neuronal dendrites display an astonishing diversity in shape. This part of the nerve cells is important for several reasons. Firstly, it strongly influences the information processing performed by the cell, though how this influence is exercised is still debated. Secondly, the shape of dendritic arb ...
... Neuronal dendrites display an astonishing diversity in shape. This part of the nerve cells is important for several reasons. Firstly, it strongly influences the information processing performed by the cell, though how this influence is exercised is still debated. Secondly, the shape of dendritic arb ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... length before saccade onset (chi square test). Only at significance (P , 0.01) the occurrence of an excitatory response after saccade onset was regarded as saccade related. The onset of this excitatory response activity was defined to be the first interspike interval in which the instantaneous firin ...
... length before saccade onset (chi square test). Only at significance (P , 0.01) the occurrence of an excitatory response after saccade onset was regarded as saccade related. The onset of this excitatory response activity was defined to be the first interspike interval in which the instantaneous firin ...
Kenji Doya 2001
... from the basal ganglia and the theory of reinforceFigure 5. A schematic diagram of the circuit of the basal ganglia and their loop ment learning, the role of the basal ganglia has beconnection with the cerebral cortex. The labels in italics show the hypothetical come much clearer in the last several ...
... from the basal ganglia and the theory of reinforceFigure 5. A schematic diagram of the circuit of the basal ganglia and their loop ment learning, the role of the basal ganglia has beconnection with the cerebral cortex. The labels in italics show the hypothetical come much clearer in the last several ...