11-1 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Sensory input
... 1. Hyperpolarization results from the increased movement of K+ out of cells. Increased movement of K+ out of cells results in more K+ on the outside of the membrane, a larger membrane potential, and hyperpolarization. A. Increase the K+ concentration gradient by decreasing the extracellular K+ conce ...
... 1. Hyperpolarization results from the increased movement of K+ out of cells. Increased movement of K+ out of cells results in more K+ on the outside of the membrane, a larger membrane potential, and hyperpolarization. A. Increase the K+ concentration gradient by decreasing the extracellular K+ conce ...
Neurodevelopment and degeneration
... Doxakis then discusses a set of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) essential for brain development and function [9]. RBPs participate in the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing to produce diversity, local mRNA translation to provide control over protein expression, and fine-tuning mRNA translation by alternativ ...
... Doxakis then discusses a set of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) essential for brain development and function [9]. RBPs participate in the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing to produce diversity, local mRNA translation to provide control over protein expression, and fine-tuning mRNA translation by alternativ ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... terconnected networks of biological neurons can rapidly learn, store and recognize patterns using neural spikes. Numerous models have been proposed to explain this [14], but few have progressed to a stage of hardware implementation while retaining the essential biological character of neurons. The p ...
... terconnected networks of biological neurons can rapidly learn, store and recognize patterns using neural spikes. Numerous models have been proposed to explain this [14], but few have progressed to a stage of hardware implementation while retaining the essential biological character of neurons. The p ...
Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli
... Fig. 2.Theoretical relationship between neuronal response and log likelihood ratio (logLR).The graphs illustrate that the difference in spike rates from two appropriately chosen neurons (or neural ensembles) can approximate the logLR favoring one hypothesis over another. (a) Calculation of the logLR ...
... Fig. 2.Theoretical relationship between neuronal response and log likelihood ratio (logLR).The graphs illustrate that the difference in spike rates from two appropriately chosen neurons (or neural ensembles) can approximate the logLR favoring one hypothesis over another. (a) Calculation of the logLR ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
... inhibitory cell types and enabling the maintenance of activity at physiologically plausible spike rates well below neural saturation levels, with temporal dynamics that can be compared to in vivo observations28-32. In these models, a neuron is described by two variables: the total synaptic input cur ...
... inhibitory cell types and enabling the maintenance of activity at physiologically plausible spike rates well below neural saturation levels, with temporal dynamics that can be compared to in vivo observations28-32. In these models, a neuron is described by two variables: the total synaptic input cur ...
O-Nervous System I
... White Matter – mostly myelinated axons. Nerve fiber – a single axon of a neuron. Nerve – a bundle of axons in the PNS. Tract – a bundle of axons ins the CNS. Ganglion – a cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS. Nucleus – gray matter in CNS with common function. ...
... White Matter – mostly myelinated axons. Nerve fiber – a single axon of a neuron. Nerve – a bundle of axons in the PNS. Tract – a bundle of axons ins the CNS. Ganglion – a cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS. Nucleus – gray matter in CNS with common function. ...
Learning sensory maps with real-world stimuli in real time using a
... the synapses from thalamic neurons to cortical excitatory neurons are randomly chosen in the range of 0.7–0.8 [Fig. 2(a)]; this makes the initial receptive field of all the cortical excitatory neurons diffuse and no knowledge about the stimuli is put into the network. The network is exposed for 2.5 ...
... the synapses from thalamic neurons to cortical excitatory neurons are randomly chosen in the range of 0.7–0.8 [Fig. 2(a)]; this makes the initial receptive field of all the cortical excitatory neurons diffuse and no knowledge about the stimuli is put into the network. The network is exposed for 2.5 ...
Parkinson`s Disease storyboard
... • As can be seen from previous studies, DA tone begins to fall after about an 80% loss of DA neurons. At that same point, PKD symptoms begin to become visible. Scientists were not surprised to find a correlation between these factors. What did surprise them was the large percentage of DA neurons and ...
... • As can be seen from previous studies, DA tone begins to fall after about an 80% loss of DA neurons. At that same point, PKD symptoms begin to become visible. Scientists were not surprised to find a correlation between these factors. What did surprise them was the large percentage of DA neurons and ...
Review (11/01/16)
... A. In addition to glutamate, the release of substance P by C fibers also plays an important role in wind-up. B. The activation of NMDA leads to the opening of AMPA-R C. wind-up causes an increased sensitivity of the nociceptive-specific neurons, which now fire action potentials more readily D. Wind- ...
... A. In addition to glutamate, the release of substance P by C fibers also plays an important role in wind-up. B. The activation of NMDA leads to the opening of AMPA-R C. wind-up causes an increased sensitivity of the nociceptive-specific neurons, which now fire action potentials more readily D. Wind- ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... Chung-Chuan Lo & Xiao-Jing Wang Growing evidence from primate neurophysiology and modeling indicates that in reaction time tasks, a perceptual choice is made when the firing rate of a selective cortical neural population reaches a threshold. This raises two questions: what is the neural substrate of ...
... Chung-Chuan Lo & Xiao-Jing Wang Growing evidence from primate neurophysiology and modeling indicates that in reaction time tasks, a perceptual choice is made when the firing rate of a selective cortical neural population reaches a threshold. This raises two questions: what is the neural substrate of ...
Glia Ç more than just brain glue
... Neuronal signalling involves the propagation of an action potential down a neuron’s axonal process to a presynaptic terminal; the depolarization of the terminal and release of neurotransmitters; binding of the released neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron; an ...
... Neuronal signalling involves the propagation of an action potential down a neuron’s axonal process to a presynaptic terminal; the depolarization of the terminal and release of neurotransmitters; binding of the released neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron; an ...
TRACE model (McClelland and Elman 1986)
... Cohort theory (Marslen-Wilsen and Tyler 1980) TRACE model (McClelland and Elman 1986) ...
... Cohort theory (Marslen-Wilsen and Tyler 1980) TRACE model (McClelland and Elman 1986) ...
Slide 1
... positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside. • A stimulus triggers the opening of sodium (Na+) channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron. • Positively charged sodium ions move into the cell leaving a more negative charge outside the cell. • This causes an electrical impuls ...
... positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside. • A stimulus triggers the opening of sodium (Na+) channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron. • Positively charged sodium ions move into the cell leaving a more negative charge outside the cell. • This causes an electrical impuls ...
notes as
... and bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron thus changing their shape. – This opens up holes that allow specific ions in or out. • The effectiveness of the synapse can be changed – vary the number of vesicles of transmitter – vary the number of receptor molecules. • Syn ...
... and bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron thus changing their shape. – This opens up holes that allow specific ions in or out. • The effectiveness of the synapse can be changed – vary the number of vesicles of transmitter – vary the number of receptor molecules. • Syn ...
Overview of Synaptic Transmission
... How do the channels open and close?One suggestion is that, to exposethe channel's pore, the six connexins in a hemichannel rotate slightly with respect to one another, much like the shutter in a camera. The concerted tilting of each connexin by a few Angstroms at one end leads to a somewhat larger d ...
... How do the channels open and close?One suggestion is that, to exposethe channel's pore, the six connexins in a hemichannel rotate slightly with respect to one another, much like the shutter in a camera. The concerted tilting of each connexin by a few Angstroms at one end leads to a somewhat larger d ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, but for the sake of simplicity we have treated it as a single conductance. This combined outward curre ...
... account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, but for the sake of simplicity we have treated it as a single conductance. This combined outward curre ...
BOX 31.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VESTIBULAR AND
... mixed glycinergic and GABAergic synapses, in contrast to the purely GABAergic feedback to granule cells (Dugue, Dumoulin, Triller, & Dieudonne, 2005). The role of these neurons in the vestibular circuit is unclear. 2. Olivary neurons in the dorsal cap of Kooy, to which both the vestibular and fastig ...
... mixed glycinergic and GABAergic synapses, in contrast to the purely GABAergic feedback to granule cells (Dugue, Dumoulin, Triller, & Dieudonne, 2005). The role of these neurons in the vestibular circuit is unclear. 2. Olivary neurons in the dorsal cap of Kooy, to which both the vestibular and fastig ...
Scale-Invariant Adaptation in Response to
... stimulus. (5) We believe that parallel coding is another mechanism which can resolve ambiguity—while one population of neurons may adapt to a stimulus, another may not, thus preserving the context of a stimulus. Our model organism is the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. These fish emi ...
... stimulus. (5) We believe that parallel coding is another mechanism which can resolve ambiguity—while one population of neurons may adapt to a stimulus, another may not, thus preserving the context of a stimulus. Our model organism is the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. These fish emi ...
幻灯片 1 - Nc State University
... • First experiments on squid giant axon (Cole, Hodgkin) • First real microelectrodes: hollow glass tubes • Teflon coated microwires • Michigan Probes, Utah Arrays, SOI ...
... • First experiments on squid giant axon (Cole, Hodgkin) • First real microelectrodes: hollow glass tubes • Teflon coated microwires • Michigan Probes, Utah Arrays, SOI ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... rapid information transmission. This possibility could be further examined experimentally by looking for correlations between burst duration and stimulus variables. Key words: burst; biophysical model; pyramidal cell; weakly electric fish; ELL; neural coding; simulation ...
... rapid information transmission. This possibility could be further examined experimentally by looking for correlations between burst duration and stimulus variables. Key words: burst; biophysical model; pyramidal cell; weakly electric fish; ELL; neural coding; simulation ...
What is the cause of the changes in membrane potential during an
... time C. The potential would be flipped in polarity D. The potential would be conducted more rapidly down the nerve ...
... time C. The potential would be flipped in polarity D. The potential would be conducted more rapidly down the nerve ...
Overview of Receptive Fields
... the retina of the eye. The three layers of the retina work a bit like a company. Photoreceptor cells at the lowest level receive light from only a small patch in the visual field. That patch defines the photoreceptor's receptive field. The photoreceptors report what they see to the next level of the ...
... the retina of the eye. The three layers of the retina work a bit like a company. Photoreceptor cells at the lowest level receive light from only a small patch in the visual field. That patch defines the photoreceptor's receptive field. The photoreceptors report what they see to the next level of the ...
The Biological Bases of Time-to
... this behaviour have focused on TTC information. Ball catching behaviour, and batting in sports seem also to be appropriate exemplars of this category. Escape from rapidly approaching predators or threatening rivals in territorial mating would be prime example of cell 4 (Moving objects/Avoidance). Th ...
... this behaviour have focused on TTC information. Ball catching behaviour, and batting in sports seem also to be appropriate exemplars of this category. Escape from rapidly approaching predators or threatening rivals in territorial mating would be prime example of cell 4 (Moving objects/Avoidance). Th ...
Basal Ganglia Subcircuits Distinctively Encode the
... bins had a firing rate smaller than a threshold of 95 % below baseline activity 9,49. The onset of press-related firing rate modulation was defined as the beginning of the first of 20 consecutive significant bins. The modulation period was defined as the time window from the beginning of the first ...
... bins had a firing rate smaller than a threshold of 95 % below baseline activity 9,49. The onset of press-related firing rate modulation was defined as the beginning of the first of 20 consecutive significant bins. The modulation period was defined as the time window from the beginning of the first ...