“left or right” Decision-making beyond
... simulate decision-making and related brain activity using computational models, naturally touches delicate philosophical issues. Yet, we will dismiss this matter here by confining our study to choices solely attributable to the sensory input to - and the assumed properties of - the decision-making u ...
... simulate decision-making and related brain activity using computational models, naturally touches delicate philosophical issues. Yet, we will dismiss this matter here by confining our study to choices solely attributable to the sensory input to - and the assumed properties of - the decision-making u ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... belong to one object and to segregate them from other objects and the background. This review provides a conceptual framework of how perceptual grouping may be implemented in the visual cortex. According to this framework, two mechanisms are responsible for perceptual grouping: base-grouping and inc ...
... belong to one object and to segregate them from other objects and the background. This review provides a conceptual framework of how perceptual grouping may be implemented in the visual cortex. According to this framework, two mechanisms are responsible for perceptual grouping: base-grouping and inc ...
Ventromedial Thalamic Neurons Convey Nociceptive Signals from
... respectively, for the ipsilateral and contralateral hindpaws ( y 5 1.8 logx 1 1.5; p , 0.0001; r8 5 0.66; y 5 0.6 logx 1 1.2; r85 0.68; p , 0.0001 for the ipsilateral hindpaws; and y 5 1.5 logx 1 0.8; r8 5 0.69; p , 0.0001; y 5 0.3 logx 1 0.8; r8 5 0.63; p , 0.0001 for the contralateral hindpaws). N ...
... respectively, for the ipsilateral and contralateral hindpaws ( y 5 1.8 logx 1 1.5; p , 0.0001; r8 5 0.66; y 5 0.6 logx 1 1.2; r85 0.68; p , 0.0001 for the ipsilateral hindpaws; and y 5 1.5 logx 1 0.8; r8 5 0.69; p , 0.0001; y 5 0.3 logx 1 0.8; r8 5 0.63; p , 0.0001 for the contralateral hindpaws). N ...
Presynaptic Modulation of the Retinogeniculate Synapse
... Fluorometric calcium measurements from retinal axon terminals The effects of GABAergic and serotonergic modulation on paired-pulse plasticity strongly suggest that these neuromodulators act presynaptically to influence synaptic strength. To more clearly define a presynaptic or postsynaptic site of a ...
... Fluorometric calcium measurements from retinal axon terminals The effects of GABAergic and serotonergic modulation on paired-pulse plasticity strongly suggest that these neuromodulators act presynaptically to influence synaptic strength. To more clearly define a presynaptic or postsynaptic site of a ...
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... Madison, WI, http://www.promega.com; Cat# C8021) and were later transferred by XhoI/NotI double digestion and T4 DNA ligation into a pIS2 renilla luciferase vector modified with the addition of an XhoI restriction site and deletion of the SpeI restriction site. miR-137 target site deletion was done u ...
... Madison, WI, http://www.promega.com; Cat# C8021) and were later transferred by XhoI/NotI double digestion and T4 DNA ligation into a pIS2 renilla luciferase vector modified with the addition of an XhoI restriction site and deletion of the SpeI restriction site. miR-137 target site deletion was done u ...
Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration
... et al. 2011). Similarly, taxol promotes the regeneration of injured retinal ganglion cells (Sengottuvel et al. 2011). In both cases, it is likely that taxol affects many aspects of the CNS response to injury including, but not limited to, suppressing formation of the glial scar, enhancing axon exten ...
... et al. 2011). Similarly, taxol promotes the regeneration of injured retinal ganglion cells (Sengottuvel et al. 2011). In both cases, it is likely that taxol affects many aspects of the CNS response to injury including, but not limited to, suppressing formation of the glial scar, enhancing axon exten ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... in the loose-patch mode for a given postsynaptic neuron. If a monosynaptic connection was not found after this extensive searching, the L2/3 interneuron was, however, processed for morphological reconstruction in most cases. Therefore, we report putative connection rates for the different types of i ...
... in the loose-patch mode for a given postsynaptic neuron. If a monosynaptic connection was not found after this extensive searching, the L2/3 interneuron was, however, processed for morphological reconstruction in most cases. Therefore, we report putative connection rates for the different types of i ...
Raven Ch
... D. Answer d is incorrect. The action of Botox should cause paralysis by preventing contraction, not stimulating it. 7. The following is a list of the components of a chemical synapse. A mutation in the structure of which of these would affect only the reception of the message, not its release or the ...
... D. Answer d is incorrect. The action of Botox should cause paralysis by preventing contraction, not stimulating it. 7. The following is a list of the components of a chemical synapse. A mutation in the structure of which of these would affect only the reception of the message, not its release or the ...
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
... neuronal circuitry. For example, shortly after neurons differentiate and extend axonal and dendritic processes, many of the genes encoding synaptic proteins are turned on, resulting in the formation, accumulation, and directional trafficking of vesicles carrying pre- and postsynaptic protein complexe ...
... neuronal circuitry. For example, shortly after neurons differentiate and extend axonal and dendritic processes, many of the genes encoding synaptic proteins are turned on, resulting in the formation, accumulation, and directional trafficking of vesicles carrying pre- and postsynaptic protein complexe ...
The Representation of Complex Images in Spatial Frequency
... sinusoidal gratings at four orientations, two SFs (0.3 or 0.9 c/°), and with six TFs (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 c/s). TF tuning curves were measured using the stimuli that were closest to the peak orientation of each pixel and SF. SF tuning curves were measured from responses to six SFs (0.1, 0.25, 0. ...
... sinusoidal gratings at four orientations, two SFs (0.3 or 0.9 c/°), and with six TFs (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 c/s). TF tuning curves were measured using the stimuli that were closest to the peak orientation of each pixel and SF. SF tuning curves were measured from responses to six SFs (0.1, 0.25, 0. ...
Sensory Afferent Neurotransmission in Caudal Nucleus Tractus
... to the depolarizing current (i.e. DE), reduces the discharge rate attained during the depolarizing current and can greatly reduce or eliminate SFA. Various neurons in mNTS with excitatory connections to ST all show DE and SFA, but to varying degrees. Using a comprehensive mathematical model represen ...
... to the depolarizing current (i.e. DE), reduces the discharge rate attained during the depolarizing current and can greatly reduce or eliminate SFA. Various neurons in mNTS with excitatory connections to ST all show DE and SFA, but to varying degrees. Using a comprehensive mathematical model represen ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... The spike amplitude was measured from a threshold of the action potential. The spike duration was measured at threshold of the action potential. The input resistance was determined from the potential shifts across the membrane during passage of inward and outward rectangular current pulses of known ...
... The spike amplitude was measured from a threshold of the action potential. The spike duration was measured at threshold of the action potential. The input resistance was determined from the potential shifts across the membrane during passage of inward and outward rectangular current pulses of known ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING
... are controlled by a mixture of sensory and nonsensory signals. These are behaviors in which decision making is influenced by factors like the estimated value of a motor response or by probabilistic estimates of the current state of the external world. Finally, stochastic (or unpredictable) decision ...
... are controlled by a mixture of sensory and nonsensory signals. These are behaviors in which decision making is influenced by factors like the estimated value of a motor response or by probabilistic estimates of the current state of the external world. Finally, stochastic (or unpredictable) decision ...
Mechanisms of Maximum Information Preservation in the Drosophila
... possible. However, quantitative assessment of information processing in large neuronal populations is difficult and few studies have examined large neural populations engaged in sensory information processing [29]. Here, we utilized the above three advantages to construct a network model that includ ...
... possible. However, quantitative assessment of information processing in large neuronal populations is difficult and few studies have examined large neural populations engaged in sensory information processing [29]. Here, we utilized the above three advantages to construct a network model that includ ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... secrets. However, the nerve cell in the brain was not described until the XIXth century by Johanness Purkinje (1787–1869). Later came the pioneering discovery by Camillo Golgi (1843–1956) who developed method for visualization of neurons which lead Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to propose the ...
... secrets. However, the nerve cell in the brain was not described until the XIXth century by Johanness Purkinje (1787–1869). Later came the pioneering discovery by Camillo Golgi (1843–1956) who developed method for visualization of neurons which lead Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to propose the ...
The Nervous System
... a. Type one: Hemorrhage from a cerebral vessel i. Causes death of brain tissue from the incompatibility of neural tissue and free blood ii. Anoxia beyond the point of rupture b. Cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels due to a clot or thrombus i. Causes the death of brain tissue from ...
... a. Type one: Hemorrhage from a cerebral vessel i. Causes death of brain tissue from the incompatibility of neural tissue and free blood ii. Anoxia beyond the point of rupture b. Cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels due to a clot or thrombus i. Causes the death of brain tissue from ...
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
... neuronal circuitry. For example, shortly after neurons differentiate and extend axonal and dendritic processes, many of the genes encoding synaptic proteins are turned on, resulting in the formation, accumulation, and directional trafficking of vesicles carrying pre- and postsynaptic protein complexe ...
... neuronal circuitry. For example, shortly after neurons differentiate and extend axonal and dendritic processes, many of the genes encoding synaptic proteins are turned on, resulting in the formation, accumulation, and directional trafficking of vesicles carrying pre- and postsynaptic protein complexe ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... The first model offered chronologically, and first discussed here, is the feedforward model that is descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in ...
... The first model offered chronologically, and first discussed here, is the feedforward model that is descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in ...
A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
... of Articulators from which the model gets its name) is learned during the model’s babbling cycle, and mathematically this transformation corresponds to the pseudoinverse of the Jacobian matrix relating the auditory and motor spaces (see Guenther et al., 2006 for details). Previous computer simulatio ...
... of Articulators from which the model gets its name) is learned during the model’s babbling cycle, and mathematically this transformation corresponds to the pseudoinverse of the Jacobian matrix relating the auditory and motor spaces (see Guenther et al., 2006 for details). Previous computer simulatio ...
48-nervous text - Everglades High School
... • Since most neurons have many synapses on their dendrites and cell body – A single EPSP is usually too small to trigger an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron Terminal branch of presynaptic neuron ...
... • Since most neurons have many synapses on their dendrites and cell body – A single EPSP is usually too small to trigger an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron Terminal branch of presynaptic neuron ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... used for taste stimulus and water presentation to the anterior tongue. For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with ...
... used for taste stimulus and water presentation to the anterior tongue. For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with ...