The assessment of hemispheric lateralization in functional MRI
... Subsequently, data were bandpass filtered (hrf as lowpass filter, cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses ...
... Subsequently, data were bandpass filtered (hrf as lowpass filter, cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses ...
Association of Poly(A) mRNA with Microtubules
... that poly(A) mRNA and associated ribosomes were excluded from tightly bundled microtubules. Introduction Neurons are highly polarized cells with two morphologically and functionally distinct types of processes: axons and dendrites. Protein synthesis is restricted to the somatodendritic compartment i ...
... that poly(A) mRNA and associated ribosomes were excluded from tightly bundled microtubules. Introduction Neurons are highly polarized cells with two morphologically and functionally distinct types of processes: axons and dendrites. Protein synthesis is restricted to the somatodendritic compartment i ...
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... gill withdrawal response. Thus, the stimulation of the tail lowers the threshold necessary for a stimulus to elicit a response. At a cellular level, sensitization is thought to involve several steps which are diagrammed in Fig. 2 (11). Stimulation of the tail causes sensory neurons to excite interne ...
... gill withdrawal response. Thus, the stimulation of the tail lowers the threshold necessary for a stimulus to elicit a response. At a cellular level, sensitization is thought to involve several steps which are diagrammed in Fig. 2 (11). Stimulation of the tail causes sensory neurons to excite interne ...
CCNBook/Neuron
... detailed, and they can make much simpler models that capture the same cognitive phenomena. We who relish this "golden middle" ground are happy when we've achieved important simplifications on the neural side, while still capturing important cognitive phenomena. This level of modeling explores how co ...
... detailed, and they can make much simpler models that capture the same cognitive phenomena. We who relish this "golden middle" ground are happy when we've achieved important simplifications on the neural side, while still capturing important cognitive phenomena. This level of modeling explores how co ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... the Drosophila external sensory organ. ES neurons have been used to analyze the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, and deficits in ES neurons can be studied in behavioral assays. γ neurons. These neurons are found in Drosophila mushroom bodies (structures involved in olfactory memory). During the ...
... the Drosophila external sensory organ. ES neurons have been used to analyze the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, and deficits in ES neurons can be studied in behavioral assays. γ neurons. These neurons are found in Drosophila mushroom bodies (structures involved in olfactory memory). During the ...
Purves chs. 12, 13 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... tine moves in one direction, there is molecular condensation; when it moves in the other direction, there is rarefaction. These changes in density of the air molecules are equivalent to local changes in air pressure. Such regular, sinusoidal cycles of compression and rarefaction can be thought of as ...
... tine moves in one direction, there is molecular condensation; when it moves in the other direction, there is rarefaction. These changes in density of the air molecules are equivalent to local changes in air pressure. Such regular, sinusoidal cycles of compression and rarefaction can be thought of as ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... and is present in cortex (Fig. 2A1-A3), hippocampus (Fig. 2B1-B3), and cerebellum (Fig. 2C1-C3). In Fig. 2, three different PDE5 antibodies are used, and each antibody reacts against a different epitope within PDE5 (see Methods). Figure 2A1, B1, and C1 use an Abcam antibody, Fig. 2A2, B2, and C2 use ...
... and is present in cortex (Fig. 2A1-A3), hippocampus (Fig. 2B1-B3), and cerebellum (Fig. 2C1-C3). In Fig. 2, three different PDE5 antibodies are used, and each antibody reacts against a different epitope within PDE5 (see Methods). Figure 2A1, B1, and C1 use an Abcam antibody, Fig. 2A2, B2, and C2 use ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... already acquired CRs to a forelimb CS. When MCP stimulation was applied, it, too, reliably evoked blink responses. Since the experiment was intended to test the effect of conditioning with the forelimb CS, it was considered important to avoid any opportunity for the animal to associate MCP stimulati ...
... already acquired CRs to a forelimb CS. When MCP stimulation was applied, it, too, reliably evoked blink responses. Since the experiment was intended to test the effect of conditioning with the forelimb CS, it was considered important to avoid any opportunity for the animal to associate MCP stimulati ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... columns are separated by as much as 400 pm in cats and monkeys. Rostrally, the cells from this group end around and within the caudal and lateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, the ventral border of this group is the trapezoid body, and the dorsal border fuses with the ventromedia ...
... columns are separated by as much as 400 pm in cats and monkeys. Rostrally, the cells from this group end around and within the caudal and lateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, the ventral border of this group is the trapezoid body, and the dorsal border fuses with the ventromedia ...
color vision - UCSD Psychology
... wavelength, or both. For example, an increase in the L-cone signal can signify that the light’s wavelength came closer to the peak of the L-cone absorption spectrum, that the light became more intense, or a combination of both. Therefore, to compute the color of an object unambiguously, the magnitud ...
... wavelength, or both. For example, an increase in the L-cone signal can signify that the light’s wavelength came closer to the peak of the L-cone absorption spectrum, that the light became more intense, or a combination of both. Therefore, to compute the color of an object unambiguously, the magnitud ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... projections throughout the central nervous system. Although this system was initially believed to be primarily involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, recent studies have shown that orexins also modulate neural circuits implicated in the expression and extinction of fear memories. Here, we d ...
... projections throughout the central nervous system. Although this system was initially believed to be primarily involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, recent studies have shown that orexins also modulate neural circuits implicated in the expression and extinction of fear memories. Here, we d ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor in Development and Stress Nathalie M. Goodfellow,1 Madhurima Benekareddy,3 Vidita A. Vaidya,3 and Evelyn K. Lambe1,2 ...
... Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor in Development and Stress Nathalie M. Goodfellow,1 Madhurima Benekareddy,3 Vidita A. Vaidya,3 and Evelyn K. Lambe1,2 ...
CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND VOMERONASAL SYSTEM FUNCTION
... Further, if mammalian pheromones tend to be high-molecular-weight molecules (Singer, ...
... Further, if mammalian pheromones tend to be high-molecular-weight molecules (Singer, ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... that are used to trace them. Some tracers (for example, lipophilic molecules such as carbocyanine dyes) label young, unmyelinated axons well but older, myelinated axons much less effectively. Other tracers tend to be less effectively taken up and/or transported by young axons, preventing the detecti ...
... that are used to trace them. Some tracers (for example, lipophilic molecules such as carbocyanine dyes) label young, unmyelinated axons well but older, myelinated axons much less effectively. Other tracers tend to be less effectively taken up and/or transported by young axons, preventing the detecti ...
the spatial control of ganglionic neurite growth by the substrate
... of its edges, they turn sharply so as to remain on the pathway. This turning response is not simply due to a physical barrier to movement across the edge, since growth cones can cross onto the pathway when entering from the adjacent untreated substrate. The strong preference for neurites to maintain ...
... of its edges, they turn sharply so as to remain on the pathway. This turning response is not simply due to a physical barrier to movement across the edge, since growth cones can cross onto the pathway when entering from the adjacent untreated substrate. The strong preference for neurites to maintain ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... modulates excitatory neurotransmission through PI3-kinase activated KATP channels; and (3) resveratrol did not alter membrane potential and input resistance, implying presynaptic mechanism of action. The increasing prevalence of diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome results in a need to identify ...
... modulates excitatory neurotransmission through PI3-kinase activated KATP channels; and (3) resveratrol did not alter membrane potential and input resistance, implying presynaptic mechanism of action. The increasing prevalence of diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome results in a need to identify ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... phenotypes in the absence of target contact, anterograde signals stabilization at synapses 43,44. However, although one study must be involved in matching receptor to transmitter type. The role of presynaptic innervation was directly demonstrated by culreported that activation of AMPA receptors is r ...
... phenotypes in the absence of target contact, anterograde signals stabilization at synapses 43,44. However, although one study must be involved in matching receptor to transmitter type. The role of presynaptic innervation was directly demonstrated by culreported that activation of AMPA receptors is r ...
Neuron 2013 Bartolini
... Pyramidal cells are a highly heterogeneous group of neurons with different morphological, neurochemical, and electrophysiological features. A basic classification of pyramidal cells is based on their connectivity, which is roughly linked to their laminar location in the cortex (Jones, 1984) (Figure ...
... Pyramidal cells are a highly heterogeneous group of neurons with different morphological, neurochemical, and electrophysiological features. A basic classification of pyramidal cells is based on their connectivity, which is roughly linked to their laminar location in the cortex (Jones, 1984) (Figure ...
The influence of James and Darwin on Cajal and his
... answering this question, it is important to consider, firstly, the process that occurs in the brain when it is stimulated. For instance, the visual perception of an object will be reproduced giving an idea of the same object when internally stimulated by other brain processes. Another clue is that w ...
... answering this question, it is important to consider, firstly, the process that occurs in the brain when it is stimulated. For instance, the visual perception of an object will be reproduced giving an idea of the same object when internally stimulated by other brain processes. Another clue is that w ...
Computing Action Potentials by Phase Interference in
... value for each axon of given composition over given positions on an axon. Although the refractory period changes from position to position down neurites at each specific point the variable is a constant determined by local membrane dynamics. Thus, the threshold voltage is dependent upon the specific ...
... value for each axon of given composition over given positions on an axon. Although the refractory period changes from position to position down neurites at each specific point the variable is a constant determined by local membrane dynamics. Thus, the threshold voltage is dependent upon the specific ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... a group of highly interconnected brain structures with a critical influence over movement and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for a cluster of human brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia, has produced a century or more of strong clinical int ...
... a group of highly interconnected brain structures with a critical influence over movement and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for a cluster of human brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia, has produced a century or more of strong clinical int ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... Behavior We recorded neuronal activity while a monkey performed a delayed Go/Nogo task (Fig. 1, C and D). The main purpose of this task was to vary the requirement to make a saccade so that we could see if delay activity was related to movement. In all trials, a monkey first foveated a blue spot at ...
... Behavior We recorded neuronal activity while a monkey performed a delayed Go/Nogo task (Fig. 1, C and D). The main purpose of this task was to vary the requirement to make a saccade so that we could see if delay activity was related to movement. In all trials, a monkey first foveated a blue spot at ...
extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... et al. [20], ACPD, selective agonist of certain subtypes of these receptors, inhibited population spike in CA1 (but not in CA3) neurons leaving the EPSC unaffected. The age of the animals is critical for this phenomenology. In the rats younger than P20, ACPD inhibits EPSCs as well. This action is me ...
... et al. [20], ACPD, selective agonist of certain subtypes of these receptors, inhibited population spike in CA1 (but not in CA3) neurons leaving the EPSC unaffected. The age of the animals is critical for this phenomenology. In the rats younger than P20, ACPD inhibits EPSCs as well. This action is me ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Adult
... Materials and Methods All procedures conformed to the National Institutes of Health’s and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals. Thy1-GFP mice. Thy1-GFP-expressing mice Figure 1. Neurolucida reconstruction of a BrdU-labeled, GFP-expressing, adult-generated hippocampal granule cell ...
... Materials and Methods All procedures conformed to the National Institutes of Health’s and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals. Thy1-GFP mice. Thy1-GFP-expressing mice Figure 1. Neurolucida reconstruction of a BrdU-labeled, GFP-expressing, adult-generated hippocampal granule cell ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.