Chapter 12 - Nervous Tissue
... a. _____________ - star-shaped cells with many processes; functions: 1) Form structural support between _____________ and _______ of the CNS 2) Take up & release ______ to control the neuronal environment 3) Establish the _______________ barrier ...
... a. _____________ - star-shaped cells with many processes; functions: 1) Form structural support between _____________ and _______ of the CNS 2) Take up & release ______ to control the neuronal environment 3) Establish the _______________ barrier ...
Excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the superior olivary complex
... Maintenance of high transmission rates is a major physiological problem since it causes severe depletion of the pool of readily releasable synaptic vesicles. Consequently, there is considerable depression in the number of vesicles released following each sequential action potential of the train. Th ...
... Maintenance of high transmission rates is a major physiological problem since it causes severe depletion of the pool of readily releasable synaptic vesicles. Consequently, there is considerable depression in the number of vesicles released following each sequential action potential of the train. Th ...
LTP
... Rate coding versus temporal coding One major mechanism of how neurons encode information is through their firing rate (number of AP’s per second). – Example: orientation selectivity. Another major mechanism is synchronization (AP’s occurring together in time). – Example: perceptual grouping. Synchro ...
... Rate coding versus temporal coding One major mechanism of how neurons encode information is through their firing rate (number of AP’s per second). – Example: orientation selectivity. Another major mechanism is synchronization (AP’s occurring together in time). – Example: perceptual grouping. Synchro ...
class_2015_readinglist
... its organisation. We review the concepts, methodology and first results of this approach, relying on data obtained with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when volunteers viewed traditional stimuli or a James Bond movie. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify voxels belo ...
... its organisation. We review the concepts, methodology and first results of this approach, relying on data obtained with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when volunteers viewed traditional stimuli or a James Bond movie. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify voxels belo ...
BIOL241TasteTouchNS14AUG2012
... • In mice, perhaps humans, the receptors for table salt (NaCl) is an ion channel that allows sodium ions (Na+) to enter directly into the cell. This depolarizes it allowing calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter [Link] triggering the release of ATP at the synapse to the attached sensory neuron and generating ...
... • In mice, perhaps humans, the receptors for table salt (NaCl) is an ion channel that allows sodium ions (Na+) to enter directly into the cell. This depolarizes it allowing calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter [Link] triggering the release of ATP at the synapse to the attached sensory neuron and generating ...
Neuroplasticity
... increases with number of stimulated afferents – Associativity: LTP only induced at weak input when associated with activity in strong input – Input specificity: Unstimulated weak pathway not facilitated after tetanus of strong pathway ...
... increases with number of stimulated afferents – Associativity: LTP only induced at weak input when associated with activity in strong input – Input specificity: Unstimulated weak pathway not facilitated after tetanus of strong pathway ...
Chapter 4: The Central Nervous System
... pressure, temperature, muscle movement and position. These are known as somatosensory functions. The somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe behind the PMC. The parietal love also contains association areas which integrate information from within the lobe and other structures and areas ...
... pressure, temperature, muscle movement and position. These are known as somatosensory functions. The somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe behind the PMC. The parietal love also contains association areas which integrate information from within the lobe and other structures and areas ...
BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL SHAPING OF MIND AND BEHAVIOUR
... Foundations of Psychology (a) Cerebral Cortex The uppermost layer of the brain is called cerebral cortex (see Figure 3.5). The brain is divided into two halves: the left hemisphere and right hemisphere. They resemble the halves of a walnut. It is interesting to note that each hemisphere processes in ...
... Foundations of Psychology (a) Cerebral Cortex The uppermost layer of the brain is called cerebral cortex (see Figure 3.5). The brain is divided into two halves: the left hemisphere and right hemisphere. They resemble the halves of a walnut. It is interesting to note that each hemisphere processes in ...
Overview of Addiction Related Brain Regions Nucleus Accumbens
... fire when the animal finds itself in a particular location, regardless of direction of travel, while most are at least partially sensitive to head direction and direction of travel. In rats, some cells, termed splitter cells, may alter their firing depending on the animal's recent past (retrospectiv ...
... fire when the animal finds itself in a particular location, regardless of direction of travel, while most are at least partially sensitive to head direction and direction of travel. In rats, some cells, termed splitter cells, may alter their firing depending on the animal's recent past (retrospectiv ...
Olfactory Physiology - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... there are ≈ 1000 different odorant chemoreceptors (since human genome contains 50,000100,000 genes, up to 1% of genome is devoted to odorant receptors - largest gene family in mammals!). all odorant receptors are coupled to G proteins (cAMP↑ or IP3 → opening Ca2+ channels → Clchannel activation ...
... there are ≈ 1000 different odorant chemoreceptors (since human genome contains 50,000100,000 genes, up to 1% of genome is devoted to odorant receptors - largest gene family in mammals!). all odorant receptors are coupled to G proteins (cAMP↑ or IP3 → opening Ca2+ channels → Clchannel activation ...
Motor system - Brain Facts
... foreign object. In area 7, some neurons increase their activity only when the monkey stretches the hand toward an object that it also looks at. In humans, lesions of the posterior parietal cortex may, for example, make them unable to open a door or to handle previously familiar tools. Such persons a ...
... foreign object. In area 7, some neurons increase their activity only when the monkey stretches the hand toward an object that it also looks at. In humans, lesions of the posterior parietal cortex may, for example, make them unable to open a door or to handle previously familiar tools. Such persons a ...
Chapter 8 Nervous System
... organs (retina of the eye & nasal cavity) 3. Unipolar – have a single axon which divides into two short branches – located mostly in the sensory division of the PNS C. Neuroglia (glial cells) – helper cells of the nervous system – do not conduct action potentials – function in support, nourishment, ...
... organs (retina of the eye & nasal cavity) 3. Unipolar – have a single axon which divides into two short branches – located mostly in the sensory division of the PNS C. Neuroglia (glial cells) – helper cells of the nervous system – do not conduct action potentials – function in support, nourishment, ...
Experimenting with Neural Nets
... Practice 1: Training a pre-built neural net to recognize Even/Odd patterns (“Parity”)_ 1. Download the network (.net) and pattern (.pat) files for this assignment from the class website. 2. Double-click on JavaNNS.jar file to launch the neural network simulator. 3. Pull down the File menu, and selec ...
... Practice 1: Training a pre-built neural net to recognize Even/Odd patterns (“Parity”)_ 1. Download the network (.net) and pattern (.pat) files for this assignment from the class website. 2. Double-click on JavaNNS.jar file to launch the neural network simulator. 3. Pull down the File menu, and selec ...
BIOL241TasteTouchNS14AUG2012
... • In mice, perhaps humans, the receptors for table salt (NaCl) is an ion channel that allows sodium ions (Na+) to enter directly into the cell. This depolarizes it allowing calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter [Link] triggering the release of ATP at the synapse to the attached sensory neuron and generating ...
... • In mice, perhaps humans, the receptors for table salt (NaCl) is an ion channel that allows sodium ions (Na+) to enter directly into the cell. This depolarizes it allowing calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter [Link] triggering the release of ATP at the synapse to the attached sensory neuron and generating ...
3 Basic Nerve Cells
... such as fear, anger, and the pleasure derived from activities like eating and sex. For a species to survive, its members must carry out such vital functions as eating, reproducing, and responding to aggression. Evolution has therefore developed certain areas in our brain whose role is to provide a p ...
... such as fear, anger, and the pleasure derived from activities like eating and sex. For a species to survive, its members must carry out such vital functions as eating, reproducing, and responding to aggression. Evolution has therefore developed certain areas in our brain whose role is to provide a p ...
The Nervous System
... vessel is obstructed by a clot. • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies, swelling occurs in the brain due to leaking of blood from vessels. • Loss of some functions or death may result • This is due often to elevated blood pressure or hypertension. ...
... vessel is obstructed by a clot. • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies, swelling occurs in the brain due to leaking of blood from vessels. • Loss of some functions or death may result • This is due often to elevated blood pressure or hypertension. ...
Griggs Chapter 2: Neuroscience
... Remember, however, that these differences in hemispheric performance are for people whose two hemispheres can no longer communicate When normal people are performing a task, the two hemispheres are constantly interacting and sharing information This is why it is not very accurate to say someone is “ ...
... Remember, however, that these differences in hemispheric performance are for people whose two hemispheres can no longer communicate When normal people are performing a task, the two hemispheres are constantly interacting and sharing information This is why it is not very accurate to say someone is “ ...
The Nervous System: Basic Structure
... Parts of a neuron Cell BodyDendrites- receive impulses Axons- carries impulses away from the cell Myelin- insulates and protects the axon In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is destroyed Speeds transmission of impulses ...
... Parts of a neuron Cell BodyDendrites- receive impulses Axons- carries impulses away from the cell Myelin- insulates and protects the axon In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is destroyed Speeds transmission of impulses ...
Neuroscience and Biopsychology
... Band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres together and allows them to communicate • Possible to survive with a split brain, but may have difficultly integrating vision, ...
... Band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres together and allows them to communicate • Possible to survive with a split brain, but may have difficultly integrating vision, ...
The Nervous System
... • Messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon • The axon is a long extension of the cell that ends in small branches • It carries impulses away from the cell body to its branches. • These branches transmit the message to the dendrites of neighboring cells ...
... • Messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon • The axon is a long extension of the cell that ends in small branches • It carries impulses away from the cell body to its branches. • These branches transmit the message to the dendrites of neighboring cells ...
The Autonomic Nervous System The Sympathetic Division
... • Both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine – Causes localized and short-term effects ...
... • Both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine – Causes localized and short-term effects ...
introduction the neuron doctrine
... a single letter. These are usually benign, like the difference between "color" and "colour"-different spelling, same meaning. However, sometimes the mutations can affect protein function (consider the difference between "bear" and "bare"- same letters, different meaning). Such single nucleotide poly ...
... a single letter. These are usually benign, like the difference between "color" and "colour"-different spelling, same meaning. However, sometimes the mutations can affect protein function (consider the difference between "bear" and "bare"- same letters, different meaning). Such single nucleotide poly ...
Neurons and synapses..
... (representing a stronger initial stimulus), more neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft and more impulses per second are sent. When the neurotransmitter has done its work, it is removed from the synaptic cleft by an enzyme that breaks down the molecules. The transmission of the impulse ...
... (representing a stronger initial stimulus), more neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft and more impulses per second are sent. When the neurotransmitter has done its work, it is removed from the synaptic cleft by an enzyme that breaks down the molecules. The transmission of the impulse ...
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
... local connections Partial seizures spread into the other hemisphere via the corpus callosum Increase in extracellular K+ and accumulation of Ca2+ in presynaptic terminals also causes recruitment of more neurons Type, number and distribution of voltage- and ligand-gated channels ...
... local connections Partial seizures spread into the other hemisphere via the corpus callosum Increase in extracellular K+ and accumulation of Ca2+ in presynaptic terminals also causes recruitment of more neurons Type, number and distribution of voltage- and ligand-gated channels ...
WHY HAVE MULTIPLE CORTICAL AREAS?
... Fig. 2. Transformations, or non-to~graphic maps, of a visual image can bring close together items of information that are represented far apart in the original image or a topographic map of it. At the fop the Hough transform is represented; here the ordinate gives the orientation of a line segment, ...
... Fig. 2. Transformations, or non-to~graphic maps, of a visual image can bring close together items of information that are represented far apart in the original image or a topographic map of it. At the fop the Hough transform is represented; here the ordinate gives the orientation of a line segment, ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.