Canceling Planned Action: An fMRI Study of
... heavily biased by when the signal to cancel the action is detected. For example, success in canceling the swing is more likely when the ball curves early than when the ball curves late in the pitch. This example highlights several issues that are at the heart of voluntary control of behavior. Contro ...
... heavily biased by when the signal to cancel the action is detected. For example, success in canceling the swing is more likely when the ball curves early than when the ball curves late in the pitch. This example highlights several issues that are at the heart of voluntary control of behavior. Contro ...
associations
... eigenvalue 0. But this will never be stable because C has some positive eigenvalues. Thus we conclude that there are only unstable fixed points for the plain Hebb learning procedure. •One can prevent the divergence of the Hebbian learning by constraining the growth of the weight vector w. There are ...
... eigenvalue 0. But this will never be stable because C has some positive eigenvalues. Thus we conclude that there are only unstable fixed points for the plain Hebb learning procedure. •One can prevent the divergence of the Hebbian learning by constraining the growth of the weight vector w. There are ...
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 6
... vertebrate olfactory systems, have made insects fruitful model organisms for understanding olfaction throughout the animal kingdom. More broadly, studies of insect olfaction have provided insight into the more general issues of how neural circuits process and represent complex sensory information. U ...
... vertebrate olfactory systems, have made insects fruitful model organisms for understanding olfaction throughout the animal kingdom. More broadly, studies of insect olfaction have provided insight into the more general issues of how neural circuits process and represent complex sensory information. U ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... of the brain were examined for the presence of retrogradely labeled fluorescent cells. These sections were mounted directly from 0.45% saline as the brain was cut, dried at 37”C, and stored without coverslips in light-tight boxes placed in plastic bags at 4°C. Tissue preservation was aided by desicc ...
... of the brain were examined for the presence of retrogradely labeled fluorescent cells. These sections were mounted directly from 0.45% saline as the brain was cut, dried at 37”C, and stored without coverslips in light-tight boxes placed in plastic bags at 4°C. Tissue preservation was aided by desicc ...
Free recall and recognition in a network model of the... simulating effects of scopolamine on human memory function
... Connections between the hippocampus and multimodal association cortices pass through the entorhinal cortex. (1) Fibers of the perforant path connect entorhinal cortex layers II and III with the dentate gyrus. (2) The dentate gyrus projects to region CA3 via the mossy fibers. (3) Longitudinal associa ...
... Connections between the hippocampus and multimodal association cortices pass through the entorhinal cortex. (1) Fibers of the perforant path connect entorhinal cortex layers II and III with the dentate gyrus. (2) The dentate gyrus projects to region CA3 via the mossy fibers. (3) Longitudinal associa ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if the rating scales are taken as implying that the threshold is at –2 on the rating scale used, paired t ⫽ 1.95, df ⫽ 9, P ⬍ 0.04; 1-tailed). We refer to this ...
... shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if the rating scales are taken as implying that the threshold is at –2 on the rating scale used, paired t ⫽ 1.95, df ⫽ 9, P ⬍ 0.04; 1-tailed). We refer to this ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... between neighbouring neurons than preferences to rapidly fluctuating features. Although signal correlations were similar across all stimulus classes, they were only weakly related to differences between the neurons’ tuning curves. “Noise” in neural responses refers to stimulus-independent activity m ...
... between neighbouring neurons than preferences to rapidly fluctuating features. Although signal correlations were similar across all stimulus classes, they were only weakly related to differences between the neurons’ tuning curves. “Noise” in neural responses refers to stimulus-independent activity m ...
On the Decision Boundaries of Hyperbolic Neurons
... Yperbolic neural network as has been proposed in 2000 [1] is one possible extension of usual realvalued neural networks to two dimensions. It is based on hyperbolic numbers which are a counterpart to complex numbers. Complex–valued neural networks have found many applications in recent years [3]. De ...
... Yperbolic neural network as has been proposed in 2000 [1] is one possible extension of usual realvalued neural networks to two dimensions. It is based on hyperbolic numbers which are a counterpart to complex numbers. Complex–valued neural networks have found many applications in recent years [3]. De ...
Circadian Organization in Hemimetabolous Insects
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
... followed by inspiration, which is produced by the brisk activation of the buccal levators to push air back into the lungs. The last phase is a period of breath holding, during which neurons other than those involved in the production of the two other phases were shown to be active. This phase corres ...
... followed by inspiration, which is produced by the brisk activation of the buccal levators to push air back into the lungs. The last phase is a period of breath holding, during which neurons other than those involved in the production of the two other phases were shown to be active. This phase corres ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... of attention and that the ACC is involved in the detection and/or resolution of processing conflicts; ...
... of attention and that the ACC is involved in the detection and/or resolution of processing conflicts; ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown t ...
... found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown t ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... two tones of the sequence (∆f ) and the rate at which the tones are presented (Presentation Rate, PR ). Two different percepts are possible. For large ∆f values and high PR values, the stimulus is perceived as two different streams of sounds, one of A tones, one of B tones (segregated percept). In c ...
... two tones of the sequence (∆f ) and the rate at which the tones are presented (Presentation Rate, PR ). Two different percepts are possible. For large ∆f values and high PR values, the stimulus is perceived as two different streams of sounds, one of A tones, one of B tones (segregated percept). In c ...
Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression
... Abstract. The neurodegeneration that occurs in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is consistently associated with a number of characteristic histopathological, molecular, and biochemical abnormalities, including cell loss, abundant neurofibrillary tangles and dystrophic neurites, amyloid-β deposits, ...
... Abstract. The neurodegeneration that occurs in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is consistently associated with a number of characteristic histopathological, molecular, and biochemical abnormalities, including cell loss, abundant neurofibrillary tangles and dystrophic neurites, amyloid-β deposits, ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... Sterman, Goodman, & Fairchild, 1979). Finally, in studies of humans with high spinal cord injuries, where clinical trauma has provided for somatosensory deafferentation, a significant enhancement of SMR and sleep spindle activity has been observed as well (Sterman, 1977). We may conclude, therefore, ...
... Sterman, Goodman, & Fairchild, 1979). Finally, in studies of humans with high spinal cord injuries, where clinical trauma has provided for somatosensory deafferentation, a significant enhancement of SMR and sleep spindle activity has been observed as well (Sterman, 1977). We may conclude, therefore, ...
The mirror neuron system and its role in learning Master`s thesis by
... neuron system. Multiple brain imaging studies have shown activity in human brain areas homologous to mirror neuron areas in monkeys while watching and executing actions. It is therefore likely that humans also possess a mirror neuron system. This system has many connections to other brain areas and ...
... neuron system. Multiple brain imaging studies have shown activity in human brain areas homologous to mirror neuron areas in monkeys while watching and executing actions. It is therefore likely that humans also possess a mirror neuron system. This system has many connections to other brain areas and ...
Eye-specific Segregation Requires Neural Activity in Three
... The division of the neuropil into interdigitating zones of sourcespecific termination optimizes both of these processes. This hypothesis has received some experimental support from the retinotectal system of cold-blooded vertebrates. In normal frogs, the projection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axo ...
... The division of the neuropil into interdigitating zones of sourcespecific termination optimizes both of these processes. This hypothesis has received some experimental support from the retinotectal system of cold-blooded vertebrates. In normal frogs, the projection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axo ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was s ...
... Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was s ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... on signaling efficacy by modulating neurotransmitter receptor expression, intracellular second messenger production, and protein kinase activity. However, recent evidence has suggested that estrogen may also have the capacity to permit cross-talk between neurotransmitter signaling pathways and paral ...
... on signaling efficacy by modulating neurotransmitter receptor expression, intracellular second messenger production, and protein kinase activity. However, recent evidence has suggested that estrogen may also have the capacity to permit cross-talk between neurotransmitter signaling pathways and paral ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... of the number of axons that innervate each cell (Hooks and Chen, 2006). As an initial analysis, we first classified the cells based on their overall response properties using the criteria defined by Hooks and Chen (2006). Cells with one or two large distinct inputs were classified as refined, those ...
... of the number of axons that innervate each cell (Hooks and Chen, 2006). As an initial analysis, we first classified the cells based on their overall response properties using the criteria defined by Hooks and Chen (2006). Cells with one or two large distinct inputs were classified as refined, those ...
Table of Contents
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... many as 63–70% of them are reported to have accumulated mutations that make them dysfunctional pseudogenes (Gaillard et al., 2004). Studies in rodents have indicated that olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) are organized into four zones within the olfactory epithelium, which express different groups of ...
... many as 63–70% of them are reported to have accumulated mutations that make them dysfunctional pseudogenes (Gaillard et al., 2004). Studies in rodents have indicated that olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) are organized into four zones within the olfactory epithelium, which express different groups of ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and this difference can have a profound effect on network dynamics that cannot be captured with neurons having only fast synapses. We thus extend the model to include slow inhibitory synaps ...
... conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and this difference can have a profound effect on network dynamics that cannot be captured with neurons having only fast synapses. We thus extend the model to include slow inhibitory synaps ...
The time of course of BDNF levels in brain and plasma after cerebral
... neosynthesized BDNF after stroke and that non neuronal-BDNF producing cells differ according to the delay after stroke induction. For this purpose, cellular localization of BDNF and BDNF content of each hemisphere were analysed in parallel before and after (4h, 24h and 8d) ischemic stroke in rats. S ...
... neosynthesized BDNF after stroke and that non neuronal-BDNF producing cells differ according to the delay after stroke induction. For this purpose, cellular localization of BDNF and BDNF content of each hemisphere were analysed in parallel before and after (4h, 24h and 8d) ischemic stroke in rats. S ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... atypical parkinsonism • Cells in PPN were more bursty, less oscillatory and had a lower firing rate than cells dorsal to it • Responses to passive movement and eye opening, dorsal to, ventral to, and within PPN • Describe LFP recordings in one patient above and within PPN – LFP spectrum chan ...
... atypical parkinsonism • Cells in PPN were more bursty, less oscillatory and had a lower firing rate than cells dorsal to it • Responses to passive movement and eye opening, dorsal to, ventral to, and within PPN • Describe LFP recordings in one patient above and within PPN – LFP spectrum chan ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.