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Analysis of the content and correlation of 6 Trace Elements in
Analysis of the content and correlation of 6 Trace Elements in

... Shenyang area was still relatively higher than that reported in the United States in 2005 (mean maternal blood Pb level of 19.3 µg/L in late pregnancy) [15]. Animal studies suggested that As and Cd had embryo toxicity and teratogenicity [2,16] while population data also showed that As and Cd exposur ...
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... Genetically inherited proteins on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. More than 20 groups of these proteins have now been identified, but the most familiar are the ABO and Rh blood groups. The ABO system includes types A, B, AB, and O. The Rh types are Rh-positive (Rh) and Rh-negat ...
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2011 Extended red blood cell antigen matching for
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... transfusions. These antibodies included anti-Lea, antiKpa, anti-M, and anti-D mosaic. The patient who developed the anti-Lea experienced a mild decrease in expected survival of transfused cells reported by the transfusion service without other symptoms or signs, a reaction that is rare for this anti ...
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... Their commercial production, therefore, is more profitable than the little income generated by those who keep them on free range, where they are constantly exposed to so many diseases, theft and severe environmental stresses (Oladele & Ayo, 1999; Oladele, 2009). The significance of blood in humans a ...
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Blood type



A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system.Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, − or Null denoting RhD status).Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own, which is not a problem. What can matter is whether the baby is RhD positive or negative. Mothers who are RhD- and carry a RhD+ baby can form antibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn called erythroblastosis fetalis, an illness of low fetal blood counts that ranges from mild to severe. Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis.
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