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The Immune System
The Immune System

... ability to recognize a previously encountered antigen  This is based on memory cells which are produced during the primary immune response  Memory cells are not active during the primary response but survive in the system for a long time  This is acquired immunity ...
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The Blood System - s3.amazonaws.com

... •Blood typing is based on the presence of antigens and antibodies. People with type O blood can donate to all other types and are called universal donors. Individuals with type AB are called universal recipients. ...
Human Circulatory System
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The Circulatory System - ESC-2
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Population Genetics - Canadian Council of Churches
Population Genetics - Canadian Council of Churches

... there race-specific genes? The more closely researchers examine the human genome the more most of them are convinced that the standard labels used to distinguish people by race have little biological meaning. Although it may seem easy to tell at a glance whether a person is Caucasian, African or Asi ...
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Blood type



A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system.Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, − or Null denoting RhD status).Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own, which is not a problem. What can matter is whether the baby is RhD positive or negative. Mothers who are RhD- and carry a RhD+ baby can form antibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn called erythroblastosis fetalis, an illness of low fetal blood counts that ranges from mild to severe. Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis.
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