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Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 2nd ed.
Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 2nd ed.

... – Alleles: sites that vary from one individual to another; the types and numbers are important to genetic engineers – Mapping: the process of determining location of loci and other qualities of genomic DNA • Linkage maps: show the relative proximity and order of genes on a ...
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... Viruses • Viruses are the vectors of choice for animal cells. • They can accept larger amounts of DNA than plasmids. • When the virus reproduces within the animal cell, it also reproduces the foreign gene that it carries. The gene is therefore cloned. • The DNA of some retroviruses becomes integrate ...
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< 1 ... 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ... 2254 >

Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences. Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size. The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs. Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the possibility of expanding the genetic code.Synthesis of the first complete gene, a yeast tRNA, was demonstrated by Har Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander Markham, respectively.Commercial gene synthesis services are now available from numerous companies worldwide, some of which have built their business model around this task. Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized ""de novo"", without the need for precursor template DNA. Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering. The synthesis of nucleic acid sequences is often more economical than classical cloning and mutagenesis procedures.
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