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RNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA & Protein Synthesis

... RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis. RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive. You can think of an RNA molecule as a disposable copy of a segment of DNA. The ability to copy a single DNA sequence into RNA ...
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iiiliiiltiiliiiitii lilliitlii$itttit ffffli|tiiiiiiHii.

... cells and can causemutations to arise as these cells divide. Manv chemicalsalso can interfere with DNA replication and lead to mutation. Whenever a cell copiesits DNA, there is a small chance it may misread the sequenceand add the wrong nucleotide. Our cells have proofreading proteins that can fix m ...
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... and spread by rain and wind.  12-16 months after infection, cankers become visible. ...
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... • Homologous Chromosomes: The pair of chromosomes in a diploid individual that have the same overall genetic content. – One member of each homologous pair of chromosomes is inherited from each parent. ...
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This exam is worth 50 points Evolutionary Biology You may take this
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Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences. Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size. The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs. Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the possibility of expanding the genetic code.Synthesis of the first complete gene, a yeast tRNA, was demonstrated by Har Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander Markham, respectively.Commercial gene synthesis services are now available from numerous companies worldwide, some of which have built their business model around this task. Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized ""de novo"", without the need for precursor template DNA. Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering. The synthesis of nucleic acid sequences is often more economical than classical cloning and mutagenesis procedures.
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