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image guided radiation therapy applications for
image guided radiation therapy applications for

... to a 12% lower dose than that prescribed. It is shown that difficulties in imaging soft tissue in the neck region are circumvented with ultrasound imaging, and after dosimetric verification it is argued that adaptive replanning may be more beneficial than patient realignment when intensity modulated ...
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: How They Are
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: How They Are

... time was 35 min. In 68 patients with similar characteristics, Hambrock and colleagues [21] analyzed the results of multiparametric 3T MR-guided biopsy and compared them with results from a matched population of patients who underwent multisession TRUS-guided biopsy. The tumour detection rate for MR- ...
12  Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI  of Prostate Cancer
12 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI of Prostate Cancer

... When a bolus of paramagnetic, low molecular weight contrast agent passes through a capillary bed, it is transiently confined within the vascular space (see comments in previous sections however). In most tissues except the brain, testes and retina, the contrast agent subsequently rapidly passes into ...
Frequently Asked Questions About Clinical Dose Optimization
Frequently Asked Questions About Clinical Dose Optimization

... What are the new Joint Commission requirements for CT dose monitoring and protocol review? PC.01.02.15 C5 In the Joint Commission Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals the hospital documents in the patient’s record the radiation dose index (CTDIvol, DLP, or size-specific dose estimate [SS ...
Quality assurance for image-guided radiation therapy
Quality assurance for image-guided radiation therapy

... was primarily designed for noninvasive, frameless, fractionated stereotactic treatments of brain and lung cancers. The distinguishing feature of the integrated CT-linac system is the moving gantry CT scanner, which is mounted on rails (henceforth referred to as “CT-on-rails”) so that it can move acr ...
Understanding Radiation Units - Radiation Protection of Patients
Understanding Radiation Units - Radiation Protection of Patients

... should become familiar with the following: • Why is it important to measure radiation dose in children? • How radiation dose can and should be expressed? • Understand the radiation quantities and units used in diagnostic radiology. ...
ICRP Publication 105
ICRP Publication 105

... All data concerning the dose received by people approaching patients after implantation have been reviewed. Those doses have been either been measured directly or calculated. The available data show that, in the vast majority of cases, the dose to comforters and carers remains well below the recomme ...
3 JCI dosimetry for CT
3 JCI dosimetry for CT

... Refer to the form: UNSCEAR: Forms/Diagnostic/CT/1.0. Fill in the hospital name and room number/name. Fill in date and type of examination, refer to Table 4-3. Record the patient ID, ethnic group, sex, age, weight and height. Record the study parameters as displayed on the CT console monitor, such ...
Evaluation of the Three Dimensional Localization
Evaluation of the Three Dimensional Localization

... accuracy which is required for precise target dose delivery and normal tissue sparing during the treatment. The invasive stereotactic frame-based localization system was the gold standard in SRS for many years based on its high reliability; however, the invasive nature has significant disadvantages ...
Dense Breast Notification: Anatomy, Imaging, and Patient Awareness
Dense Breast Notification: Anatomy, Imaging, and Patient Awareness

... no sign of a tumor, but with ultrasonography. The delayed discovery of the tumor because of her dense breast allowed it to grow to a much larger size. She was not aware that she had dense breasts, nor that further testing might have been warranted. She decided that something needed to be done to giv ...
AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Topics in CT
AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Topics in CT

... Factors that affect radiation dose from CT include the beam energy, tube current–time product, pitch, collimation, patient size, and dose reduction options. Methods of reducing the radiation dose to a patient from CT include reducing the milliampere-seconds value, increasing the pitch, varying the m ...
Development of a Whole Body Atlas for Radiation  Sharif Qatarneh
Development of a Whole Body Atlas for Radiation Sharif Qatarneh

... may invade surrounding tissues and spread through the lymphatic or vascular systems and form metastases in other organs. If the process of invasion has already started when the patient had the first diagnosis, surgical removal of the primary tumor may not generally result in a permanent cure and oth ...
Guideline for Radiation Safety in Interventional Cardiology - J
Guideline for Radiation Safety in Interventional Cardiology - J

... As the prevalence of interventional procedures to treat cardiovascular diseases increases, cases of radiation-induced skin injury among patients who undergo cardiovascular intervention are increasing rapidly. Warnings concerning skin injuries associated with interventional cardiology have been issue ...
Electromagnetic tracking in ultrasound-guided high dose rate prostate brachytherapy Elodie Lugez
Electromagnetic tracking in ultrasound-guided high dose rate prostate brachytherapy Elodie Lugez

... prostate brachytherapy has recently been introduced in order to enable prompt and uncomplicated reconstruction of catheter paths with respect to the prostate gland. However, EM tracking within a clinical setting is notorious for fluctuating measurement performance. In fact, measurements are prone to ...
AAPM REPORT NO. 54 STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY Report
AAPM REPORT NO. 54 STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY Report

... rate for SRS is such that the dose is typically delivered in less than one hour from the start of treatment, unlike low-dose-rate brachytherapy, which is typically administered over several days. It is imperative therefore that a thorough and methodical quality assurance program for SRS be developed ...
Radiation Therapy Professional Curriculum
Radiation Therapy Professional Curriculum

... (ARRT) and the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) also were included in this revision to maintain continuity among the professional curriculum, accreditation standards and the certification examination. This curriculum is divided into specific content areas that re ...
Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology
Dosimetry of 3 CBCT devices for oral and maxillofacial radiology

... The proportion of skin surface area in the head and neck region directly exposed by each technique was estimated as 5% of the total body to calculate radiation weighted dose to the skin following the procedure used in a previous study.11 Similarly, muscle, adipose, connective tissue and lymphatic no ...
PDF - IAEA Publications
PDF - IAEA Publications

... Medicine (AAPM), the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), the European Federation of Medical Physics (EFOMP) and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO). The important contribution of B. Mijnheer and J. Van Dyk is acknowledged. The IAEA officers responsible for this pu ...
Physician assistant knowledge of patient radiation exposure from
Physician assistant knowledge of patient radiation exposure from

... Effects Research Foundation, 2007). Many more deaths were reported in the ensuing months secondary to burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries that were compounded by illness. Furthermore, the effects of these atomic bombings were not only acute. The Life Span Study (LSS) has been used to track ...
ACADEMIC PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GRADUATE DEGREES IN MEDICAL PHYSICS AAPM REPORT NO. 79
ACADEMIC PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GRADUATE DEGREES IN MEDICAL PHYSICS AAPM REPORT NO. 79

... training and serve to act as a basis for more subspecialty training. The latter incorporate a knowledge base needed by all medical physicists but to a less comprehensive level. In fact, we anticipate that some of these subjects may have been covered in prior training. However, recent experience indi ...
Academic Program Recommendations For Graduate Degrees
Academic Program Recommendations For Graduate Degrees

... training and serve to act as a basis for more subspecialty training. The latter incorporate a knowledge base needed by all medical physicists but to a less comprehensive level. In fact, we anticipate that some of these subjects may have been covered in prior training. However, recent experience indi ...
Image Guided Radiation Therapy: Benefits and Risks, Certainties
Image Guided Radiation Therapy: Benefits and Risks, Certainties

...  “Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) makes use of many different imaging techniques, using modalities ranging from portal imaging to fluoroscopy to megavoltage cone-beam CT and following regimens as simple as a single setup image or as complex as intrafraction tumor tracking.”1 AAPM TG-75 (2007) ...
AAPM Report No 249
AAPM Report No 249

... There is a clear need for established standards for medical physics residency training. The complexity of techniques in imaging, nuclear medicine, and radiation oncology continues to increase with each passing year. It is therefore imperative that training requirements and competencies are routinely ...
Essentials and Guidelines for Clinical Medical Physics Residency Training Programs
Essentials and Guidelines for Clinical Medical Physics Residency Training Programs

... There is a clear need for established standards for medical physics residency training. The complexity of techniques in imaging, nuclear medicine, and radiation oncology continues to increase with each passing year. It is therefore imperative that training requirements and competencies are routinely ...
AAPM Report 197 - Louisiana State University
AAPM Report 197 - Louisiana State University

... of these subjects may have been covered in prior training. However, recent experience indicates that Medical Ethics and Statistics may require more in-depth coverage. During the next several years, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) will be monitoring the needs in these areas. ...
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Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy (from the Greek word βραχύς brachys, meaning ""short-distance""), also known as internal radiotherapy, sealed source radiotherapy, curietherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumours in many other body sites.Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy.Brachytherapy contrasts with unsealed source radiotherapy in which a therapeutic radionuclide (radioisotope) is injected into the body to chemically localize to the tissue requiring destruction. It also contrasts to EBRT, in which high-energy x-rays (or occasionally gamma-rays from a radioisotope like cobalt-60) are directed at the tumour from outside the body. Brachytherapy instead involves the precise placement of short-range radiation-sources (radioisotopes) directly at the site of the cancerous tumour. These are enclosed in a protective capsule or wire, which allows the ionizing radiation to escape to treat and kill surrounding tissue but prevents the charge of radioisotope from moving or dissolving in body fluids. The capsule may be removed later, or (with some radioisotopes) it may be allowed to remain in place.A key feature of brachytherapy is that the irradiation affects only a very localized area around the radiation sources. Exposure to radiation of healthy tissues farther away from the sources is therefore reduced. In addition, if the patient moves or if there is any movement of the tumour within the body during treatment, the radiation sources retain their correct position in relation to the tumour. These characteristics of brachytherapy provide advantages over EBRT - the tumour can be treated with very high doses of localised radiation whilst reducing the probability of unnecessary damage to surrounding healthy tissues.A course of brachytherapy can be completed in less time than other radiotherapy techniques. This can help reduce the chance for surviving cancer cells to divide and grow in the intervals between each radiotherapy dose. Patients typically have to make fewer visits to the radiotherapy clinic compared with EBRT, and the treatment is often performed on an outpatient basis. This makes treatment accessible and convenient for many patients. These features of brachytherapy mean that most patients are able to tolerate the brachytherapy procedure very well.Brachytherapy represents an effective treatment option for many types of cancer. Treatment results have demonstrated that the cancer cure rates of brachytherapy are either comparable to surgery and EBRT or are improved when used in combination with these techniques. In addition, brachytherapy is associated with a low risk of serious adverse side effects.The global market for brachytherapy reached US$680 million in 2013, of which the High-Dose Rate (HDR) and LDR segments accounted for 70%. Microspheres and electronic brachytherapy commanded the remaining 30%. The brachytherapy market is expected to reach over US$2.4 billion in 2030, growing by 8% annually, mainly driven by the microspheres market as well as electronic brachytherapy, which is gaining significant interest worldwide as a user-friendly technology.
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