Presentation
... • Whole muscle composed of many motor units • More precise movements are produced with fewer muscle fibers within a motor unit • As intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of motor units continues until all motor units are activated ...
... • Whole muscle composed of many motor units • More precise movements are produced with fewer muscle fibers within a motor unit • As intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of motor units continues until all motor units are activated ...
Presumed Apoptosis and Reduced Arcuate Nucleus
... levels was significantly reduced to 79- and 73-fold at 30 min and 82- and 73-fold after the second and third bouts of hypoglycemia, respectively (Fig. 1). Similarly, plasma corticosterone levels (baseline 113 ± 32 ng/ml) rose to 7.8 and 8.9 times those at baseline at 30 min and 60 min after the firs ...
... levels was significantly reduced to 79- and 73-fold at 30 min and 82- and 73-fold after the second and third bouts of hypoglycemia, respectively (Fig. 1). Similarly, plasma corticosterone levels (baseline 113 ± 32 ng/ml) rose to 7.8 and 8.9 times those at baseline at 30 min and 60 min after the firs ...
12 - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... • Conscious perception of sensation • Voluntary initiation and control of movement • Capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgment, etc.) • Loss of consciousness signal that brain function impaired – Fainting or syncopy – brief – Coma – extended period © 2013 Pearson ...
... • Conscious perception of sensation • Voluntary initiation and control of movement • Capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgment, etc.) • Loss of consciousness signal that brain function impaired – Fainting or syncopy – brief – Coma – extended period © 2013 Pearson ...
Chapter 3
... ake a look at the painting in Figure 3.1. It is pleasing, colorful, and nicely done. It features realistic color, perspective, and shadowing. It seems, perhaps, not extraordinary—except by virtue of its maker. He cannot see at all. Born blind to an impoverished family in Turkey, Esref Armagan starte ...
... ake a look at the painting in Figure 3.1. It is pleasing, colorful, and nicely done. It features realistic color, perspective, and shadowing. It seems, perhaps, not extraordinary—except by virtue of its maker. He cannot see at all. Born blind to an impoverished family in Turkey, Esref Armagan starte ...
Regulation of Neurosteroid Biosynthesis by Neurotransmitters and
... GABA A receptors, inhibits 3β-HSD activity and that ODN, acting as an inverse agonist on the GABA A/CBR complex, stimulates neurosteroid biosynthesis. Labeling of brain sections revealed the existence of NPY-immunoreactive varicosities in close proximity to HST-containing perikarya. In situ hybridiz ...
... GABA A receptors, inhibits 3β-HSD activity and that ODN, acting as an inverse agonist on the GABA A/CBR complex, stimulates neurosteroid biosynthesis. Labeling of brain sections revealed the existence of NPY-immunoreactive varicosities in close proximity to HST-containing perikarya. In situ hybridiz ...
The Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence
... set point model, this resting level is the result of two factors that influence the amount of resting DA release in the NAc: cortical excitatory (glutamate) neurons that drive the VTA DA neurons to release DA, and autoreceptors (“brakes”) that shut down further release when DA concentrations become ...
... set point model, this resting level is the result of two factors that influence the amount of resting DA release in the NAc: cortical excitatory (glutamate) neurons that drive the VTA DA neurons to release DA, and autoreceptors (“brakes”) that shut down further release when DA concentrations become ...
Blood Pressure:
... Hyperthermia(excessively high core temperature) refers to temperature exceeds 40.6°C. At this level, the person is at extremely high risk for brain damage or death from complications associated with increased metabolic demands. Phases of a Fever A fever generally progresses through four distinct pha ...
... Hyperthermia(excessively high core temperature) refers to temperature exceeds 40.6°C. At this level, the person is at extremely high risk for brain damage or death from complications associated with increased metabolic demands. Phases of a Fever A fever generally progresses through four distinct pha ...
Electrical Activity of a Membrane Resting Potential
... How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement • Motor neurons generate action potentials in muscle cells to make them contract • End plate – On a muscle, the receptor–ion complex that is activated by the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron ...
... How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement • Motor neurons generate action potentials in muscle cells to make them contract • End plate – On a muscle, the receptor–ion complex that is activated by the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron ...
A PRIMER ON EEG AND RELATED MEASURES OF BRAIN ACTIVITY
... and ended at 2 s after S2. The waveforms numbered 17 to 32 represent the EEG as recorded on 16 separate trials. The uppermost waveform shows the result of signal averaging. The most notable features are a slowly rising negativity, plotted upwards, between S1 and S2, which is usually identified as t ...
... and ended at 2 s after S2. The waveforms numbered 17 to 32 represent the EEG as recorded on 16 separate trials. The uppermost waveform shows the result of signal averaging. The most notable features are a slowly rising negativity, plotted upwards, between S1 and S2, which is usually identified as t ...
Ocular Dominance in Human V1 Demonstrated by Functional
... occur well within the hemodynamic lag time of 5–8 s. Therefore the reference waveform was shifted by one image to account for the hemodynamic lag in response to visual stimulation as we have demonstrated previously (Menon et al. 1995). The net result is a clean map (‘‘mask’’) of the cortical ribbon ...
... occur well within the hemodynamic lag time of 5–8 s. Therefore the reference waveform was shifted by one image to account for the hemodynamic lag in response to visual stimulation as we have demonstrated previously (Menon et al. 1995). The net result is a clean map (‘‘mask’’) of the cortical ribbon ...
... of dopamine release, leading to different levels of pleasure from a meal. Typically, food that is high in sugars and fats are deemed more pleasurable, though this varies between people. Also as expected, the amount of dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens is reduced as a meal continues, meaning ...
AANA Journal Course - American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
... drug effects (autonomic modifiers) have a unique, patient-specific impact on autoregulation. During general anesthesia, anesthetists should not universally assume that a lower limit of 50 mm Hg ensures adequate cerebral perfusion in all patients (see Figure 3). The wide variation, substantiated by r ...
... drug effects (autonomic modifiers) have a unique, patient-specific impact on autoregulation. During general anesthesia, anesthetists should not universally assume that a lower limit of 50 mm Hg ensures adequate cerebral perfusion in all patients (see Figure 3). The wide variation, substantiated by r ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
Paediatric shock
... thought of as follows: A pump (heart) delivers nutrients dissolved in fluid (blood) through a distribution network (blood vessels) to the tissues. Different types of shock can be defined according to where in this pathway the failure occurs. For example, failure of the pump (heart) results in cardio ...
... thought of as follows: A pump (heart) delivers nutrients dissolved in fluid (blood) through a distribution network (blood vessels) to the tissues. Different types of shock can be defined according to where in this pathway the failure occurs. For example, failure of the pump (heart) results in cardio ...
Full version (PDF file)
... al. 2007), L-NAME hypertensive rats (Paulis et al. 2010a, Paulis et al. 2010b), healthy volunteers (Arangino et al. 1999) or patients with essential hypertension (Simko and Pechanova 2009). The association of melatonin administration with sympatholytic effects may suggest a serious role of the centr ...
... al. 2007), L-NAME hypertensive rats (Paulis et al. 2010a, Paulis et al. 2010b), healthy volunteers (Arangino et al. 1999) or patients with essential hypertension (Simko and Pechanova 2009). The association of melatonin administration with sympatholytic effects may suggest a serious role of the centr ...
Corticobasal Syndrome Associated With the A9D Progranulin Mutation
... and L-dopa-unresponsive Parkinsonism, with asymmetrical onset of clinical presentation and evidence of atrophy and/or hypometabolism at neuroimaging. Recently, the heterogeneous pathologic substrate of corticobasal syndrome has been further expanded to include cases with pathologic diagnosis of fron ...
... and L-dopa-unresponsive Parkinsonism, with asymmetrical onset of clinical presentation and evidence of atrophy and/or hypometabolism at neuroimaging. Recently, the heterogeneous pathologic substrate of corticobasal syndrome has been further expanded to include cases with pathologic diagnosis of fron ...
Muscles
... Registers changes in the muscle length and speed. Sensation is modulated from CNS by fusimotor system: - static gamma system for changes in length - dynamic gamma system for changes in speed. ...
... Registers changes in the muscle length and speed. Sensation is modulated from CNS by fusimotor system: - static gamma system for changes in length - dynamic gamma system for changes in speed. ...
Biological Foundations of Behaviour
... Bundgaard, 1986). Together, the smaller gaps and glial cells keep many foreign substances from gaining access to the brain. Recent research has found evidence for much more complex glial function, such as a role in modulating the communication among neurons (Todd, Serrano, Lacaille, & Robitaille, 20 ...
... Bundgaard, 1986). Together, the smaller gaps and glial cells keep many foreign substances from gaining access to the brain. Recent research has found evidence for much more complex glial function, such as a role in modulating the communication among neurons (Todd, Serrano, Lacaille, & Robitaille, 20 ...
Physiology of functional and effective networks in epilepsy
... to hours. We will therefore start out by reviewing the network terminology used here followed by three definitions of network connectivity that are commonly evaluated. The terminology and definitions adhered to and reviewed in this manuscript are widely used in neuroscience (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009; ...
... to hours. We will therefore start out by reviewing the network terminology used here followed by three definitions of network connectivity that are commonly evaluated. The terminology and definitions adhered to and reviewed in this manuscript are widely used in neuroscience (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009; ...
Neurons & the Nervous System
... body movements, movements for balance & posture – Consciously perceived sensations ...
... body movements, movements for balance & posture – Consciously perceived sensations ...
Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses
... equally difficult for scientists to study, because comparison conditions were hard to find. Without astronomical evidence, degrees of gravitational force were difficult to measure. Baars has argued that the crucial scientific question is, “what are the observable differences between closely matched ...
... equally difficult for scientists to study, because comparison conditions were hard to find. Without astronomical evidence, degrees of gravitational force were difficult to measure. Baars has argued that the crucial scientific question is, “what are the observable differences between closely matched ...
Brain Stem Catecholamine Mechanisms in Tonic and
... actions on AP. Electrical or chemical stimulation of neurons in the region under appropriate conditions lowered AP,48-49 while lesions of the area resulted in elevations of AP.49"5' Neurons in the CVL do not project to the spinal cord (see next section). Thus, in functional terms, the RVL and CVL ap ...
... actions on AP. Electrical or chemical stimulation of neurons in the region under appropriate conditions lowered AP,48-49 while lesions of the area resulted in elevations of AP.49"5' Neurons in the CVL do not project to the spinal cord (see next section). Thus, in functional terms, the RVL and CVL ap ...
The Importance of Chaos Theory in the Development of Artificial
... illustrate some of the interesting features of chaos theory. The boundaries of the commonlypictured figures are irregular and intricate, and any attempt to magnify them only creates depictions just as magnificently irregular and intricate as the original. In fact, any two connected points on this bo ...
... illustrate some of the interesting features of chaos theory. The boundaries of the commonlypictured figures are irregular and intricate, and any attempt to magnify them only creates depictions just as magnificently irregular and intricate as the original. In fact, any two connected points on this bo ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.