Semester Exam Review
... (a) Give the rate law for this reaction from the data above. (b) Calculate the specific rate constant for this reaction and specify its units. (c) How long must the reaction proceed to produce a concentration of Z equal to 0.20 molar, if the initial reaction concentrations are [X]o = 0.80 molar, [Y] ...
... (a) Give the rate law for this reaction from the data above. (b) Calculate the specific rate constant for this reaction and specify its units. (c) How long must the reaction proceed to produce a concentration of Z equal to 0.20 molar, if the initial reaction concentrations are [X]o = 0.80 molar, [Y] ...
Document
... The nucleotide sequence in DNA determines the amino acid sequence in proteins. A single change in that DNA sequence can affect a single amino acid, and may affect the structure and function of that protein. Because all biological processes are catalyzed by either RNA or protienaceous enzymes, and be ...
... The nucleotide sequence in DNA determines the amino acid sequence in proteins. A single change in that DNA sequence can affect a single amino acid, and may affect the structure and function of that protein. Because all biological processes are catalyzed by either RNA or protienaceous enzymes, and be ...
YEAR 11 IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION GUIDE DBGS 1 Cells and
... 13 Select the most appropriate words from the list below to complete the following paragraph All cells contain ________________ which are ______________and act as ______________which _____________ chemical reactions. The reactions do not _______________the _____________which can take part in further ...
... 13 Select the most appropriate words from the list below to complete the following paragraph All cells contain ________________ which are ______________and act as ______________which _____________ chemical reactions. The reactions do not _______________the _____________which can take part in further ...
Lecture-Oxidative Phsphorylation
... An electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane is formed: electrical: outside is more positive chemical: proton concentration gradient (pHout is 1.4 units < pHin Energy of 3H+ transported drives ATP synthesis ADP + Pi + 3H+ ATP + H2O ...
... An electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane is formed: electrical: outside is more positive chemical: proton concentration gradient (pHout is 1.4 units < pHin Energy of 3H+ transported drives ATP synthesis ADP + Pi + 3H+ ATP + H2O ...
GCSE ADDITIONAL CHEMISTRY (C2) REVISION BOOKLET
... Ionic compounds have low/high melting points because the forces of attraction between the ions/molecules are strong. When they are in solid/liquid form, ionic compounds are poor electrical conductors because the ions/electrons are free/unable to move and carry the electrical current. Covalent substa ...
... Ionic compounds have low/high melting points because the forces of attraction between the ions/molecules are strong. When they are in solid/liquid form, ionic compounds are poor electrical conductors because the ions/electrons are free/unable to move and carry the electrical current. Covalent substa ...
Early Evolution of Life | Principles of Biology from Nature Education
... of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, but volcanic eruptions might have contributed methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. One hypothesis of the origin of life is that the first living organisms were anaerobic archaebacteria that evolved in the hydrothermal vents near submarine volcanoes, where anaerobic ...
... of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, but volcanic eruptions might have contributed methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. One hypothesis of the origin of life is that the first living organisms were anaerobic archaebacteria that evolved in the hydrothermal vents near submarine volcanoes, where anaerobic ...
6.02 × 1023 molecules = 1 mole
... One of the most well-known numbers in the study of chemistry is number of units in a mole. The number of units in a mole is called Avogadro’s number (named after the Italian physicist). The mole is defined as the number of atoms in 12.0 grams of 12C. As you can tell from the equality below, the mole ...
... One of the most well-known numbers in the study of chemistry is number of units in a mole. The number of units in a mole is called Avogadro’s number (named after the Italian physicist). The mole is defined as the number of atoms in 12.0 grams of 12C. As you can tell from the equality below, the mole ...
"Behavior" and
... environments, they are far from perfectly so. All sorts of constraints prevent organisms from being the best that might be theoretically possible. It has often been said that organisms "make the best of a bad situation," but it is not clear that they even do that! (we will have a whole lecture on th ...
... environments, they are far from perfectly so. All sorts of constraints prevent organisms from being the best that might be theoretically possible. It has often been said that organisms "make the best of a bad situation," but it is not clear that they even do that! (we will have a whole lecture on th ...
Microbial Nutrition
... “Growth” is generally used to refer to the acquisition of biomass leading to cell division, or reproduction Many microbes can survive under conditions in which they cannot grow The suffix “-phile” is often used to describe conditions permitting growth, whereas the term “tolerant” describes condition ...
... “Growth” is generally used to refer to the acquisition of biomass leading to cell division, or reproduction Many microbes can survive under conditions in which they cannot grow The suffix “-phile” is often used to describe conditions permitting growth, whereas the term “tolerant” describes condition ...
Generation of Free Radical
... • It is composed of two molecules of vitamin A (retinol) joined together. • Dietary β-carotene is converted to retinol at the level of the intestinal mucosa. It can quench singlet oxygen. – Quenching of singlet oxygen is the basis for it's well known therapeutic efficacy in erythropoietic protoporph ...
... • It is composed of two molecules of vitamin A (retinol) joined together. • Dietary β-carotene is converted to retinol at the level of the intestinal mucosa. It can quench singlet oxygen. – Quenching of singlet oxygen is the basis for it's well known therapeutic efficacy in erythropoietic protoporph ...
Module 1. General principles of metabolism. Metabolism of
... B. Mediators of the nervous system C. Metals D. Products of enzymatic reactions E. * Vitamins 79. Ca++ or Mg++ are most likely to be part of ___________, while Zn++ or Fe++ are present in _______________. A. * Metal-activated enzymes; metalloenzymes B. Metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes C. Cofa ...
... B. Mediators of the nervous system C. Metals D. Products of enzymatic reactions E. * Vitamins 79. Ca++ or Mg++ are most likely to be part of ___________, while Zn++ or Fe++ are present in _______________. A. * Metal-activated enzymes; metalloenzymes B. Metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes C. Cofa ...
The optimal dietary DL-methionine on growth performance
... requirement for total sulfur amino acids can be satisfied by either methionine alone or the proper combination of methionine and cystine (Ahmed et al 2003). The cystine could replace methionine has been demonstrated in several fish species such as about 42% in rainbow trout (Kim et al 1992b), 50% in ...
... requirement for total sulfur amino acids can be satisfied by either methionine alone or the proper combination of methionine and cystine (Ahmed et al 2003). The cystine could replace methionine has been demonstrated in several fish species such as about 42% in rainbow trout (Kim et al 1992b), 50% in ...
Functions of the liver Assessment and interpretation of liver function
... Proteins & peptides Albumin • Most abundant protein • Normal plasma conc- 3 - 5 g% • Daily production -12-15 g/d • Plasma half life – 15-20 days • Functions – • maintains plasma oncotic pressure (80% by albumin) • binds ions, bilirubin, hormones & drugs ...
... Proteins & peptides Albumin • Most abundant protein • Normal plasma conc- 3 - 5 g% • Daily production -12-15 g/d • Plasma half life – 15-20 days • Functions – • maintains plasma oncotic pressure (80% by albumin) • binds ions, bilirubin, hormones & drugs ...
The Ideal Suppository Base
... From the graph of % of solids versus temperature one can determine the solidification and melting ranges of fatty bases. A base with a sharp drop in solids over a short temperature span proves brittle if molded for quickly. ...
... From the graph of % of solids versus temperature one can determine the solidification and melting ranges of fatty bases. A base with a sharp drop in solids over a short temperature span proves brittle if molded for quickly. ...
Tumor Antigen–Directed Expression of CD8 T
... sequence resembles an MHC class II epitope due to the presence of hydrophobic aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, which are known to form MHC class II anchors. Peptides with this sequence may activate CD4+ T cells as reported for CDR3 peptides from mAb 3H1. Surprisingly, we found significant homolog ...
... sequence resembles an MHC class II epitope due to the presence of hydrophobic aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, which are known to form MHC class II anchors. Peptides with this sequence may activate CD4+ T cells as reported for CDR3 peptides from mAb 3H1. Surprisingly, we found significant homolog ...
Minimal domain of bacterial phytochrome required for chromophore binding and fluorescence
... Alexander V. Emelyanov3, Konstantin K. Turoverov2,4 & Vladislav V. Verkhusha1,5 Fluorescent proteins (FP) are used to study various biological processes. Recently, a series of nearinfrared (NIR) FPs based on bacterial phytochromes was developed. Finding ways to improve NIR FPs is becoming progressiv ...
... Alexander V. Emelyanov3, Konstantin K. Turoverov2,4 & Vladislav V. Verkhusha1,5 Fluorescent proteins (FP) are used to study various biological processes. Recently, a series of nearinfrared (NIR) FPs based on bacterial phytochromes was developed. Finding ways to improve NIR FPs is becoming progressiv ...
The Effect of Temperature on the Metabolism of
... found to differ in several respects (Table 2). The yield of organisms was greater at the lower growth temperature and slightly more nitrogen was utilized. In contrast, the ethanol production was less than half that observed with cultures grown at 38", despite the complete utilization of glucose. A f ...
... found to differ in several respects (Table 2). The yield of organisms was greater at the lower growth temperature and slightly more nitrogen was utilized. In contrast, the ethanol production was less than half that observed with cultures grown at 38", despite the complete utilization of glucose. A f ...
Plasma enzyme
... the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. In the liver, it catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate (L P) with the mediation of NAD as hydrogen acceptor. The reaction is reversible and the reaction equilibrium strongly favors the reverse reaction, namely the reduction of pyruvate to lacta ...
... the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. In the liver, it catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate (L P) with the mediation of NAD as hydrogen acceptor. The reaction is reversible and the reaction equilibrium strongly favors the reverse reaction, namely the reduction of pyruvate to lacta ...
Biochemical fossils of the ancient transition from geoenergetics to
... Methanogens and acetogens replenish their ATP pool with a rotor– stator type ATPase that harnesses ion gradients generated during the reduction of CO2 with H2 with the involvement of the acetyl-CoA pathway [26]. Among the six CO2 fixation pathways known, the acetyl-CoA pathway, or Wood–Ljungdahl path ...
... Methanogens and acetogens replenish their ATP pool with a rotor– stator type ATPase that harnesses ion gradients generated during the reduction of CO2 with H2 with the involvement of the acetyl-CoA pathway [26]. Among the six CO2 fixation pathways known, the acetyl-CoA pathway, or Wood–Ljungdahl path ...
Lecture Inhibition of Lipid Synthesis
... and ICI Plant Protection (Zeneca/Syngenta) and was first tested in the U.S. in 1981. Sethoxydim was discovered by Nippon Soda Co. and was developed by BASF in the U.S. where it was first tested in 1978. Clethodim was not discovered until 1987. 7. Mode of Action – Inhibition of Lipid Synthesis (Inhib ...
... and ICI Plant Protection (Zeneca/Syngenta) and was first tested in the U.S. in 1981. Sethoxydim was discovered by Nippon Soda Co. and was developed by BASF in the U.S. where it was first tested in 1978. Clethodim was not discovered until 1987. 7. Mode of Action – Inhibition of Lipid Synthesis (Inhib ...
chapter 1 introduction: themes in the study of life
... • Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the cell, as there is no membrane-bound nucleus • Lacks membrane-bound organelles • Almost all have tough external walls Eukaryotic cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. • Found in protists, plants, fungi, ...
... • Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the cell, as there is no membrane-bound nucleus • Lacks membrane-bound organelles • Almost all have tough external walls Eukaryotic cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. • Found in protists, plants, fungi, ...
Chapt 6 Study Guide (Word)
... enter and exit by simple diffusion as they travel from higher to lower concentrations. In addition, metabolic gases such as O2 and CO2 easily follow their respective concentration differences (gradients) in to and out of the cell. This simple mode of transport also applies to most triglycerides, ste ...
... enter and exit by simple diffusion as they travel from higher to lower concentrations. In addition, metabolic gases such as O2 and CO2 easily follow their respective concentration differences (gradients) in to and out of the cell. This simple mode of transport also applies to most triglycerides, ste ...
Lab 27. Whale Evolution: How Are Whales Related to Other
... one another relatively recently in the history of life on Earth will share more genetic similarities than two species that diverged from one another further back in time. Species that share many genetic similarities, as a result, are considered to be more closely related than two species that have m ...
... one another relatively recently in the history of life on Earth will share more genetic similarities than two species that diverged from one another further back in time. Species that share many genetic similarities, as a result, are considered to be more closely related than two species that have m ...
Sample Paper – 2013 Class – XII Subject – Chemistry GENERAL
... * Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each. Answer them in one word or a sentence. * Questions 9 to 18 carry 2 marks each. Answer them in 20 to 30 words. * Questions 19 to 27 carry 3 marks each. Answer them in 40 to 50 words. * Questions 28 to 30 carry 5 marks each. Answer them in 70 words. * There is n ...
... * Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each. Answer them in one word or a sentence. * Questions 9 to 18 carry 2 marks each. Answer them in 20 to 30 words. * Questions 19 to 27 carry 3 marks each. Answer them in 40 to 50 words. * Questions 28 to 30 carry 5 marks each. Answer them in 70 words. * There is n ...
Biochemistry
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Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.