In utero administration of Ad5 and AAV pseudotypes to the
... observed. In discrete areas of the brain these vectors produced differential transduction patterns. AAV2/8 and 2/9 produced the most extensive gene delivery and had similar transduction profiles. All AAV pseudotypes preferentially transduced neurons whereas Ad5 transduced both neurons and glial cells ...
... observed. In discrete areas of the brain these vectors produced differential transduction patterns. AAV2/8 and 2/9 produced the most extensive gene delivery and had similar transduction profiles. All AAV pseudotypes preferentially transduced neurons whereas Ad5 transduced both neurons and glial cells ...
house symposium 2015 - Instituto do Cérebro
... he called sniffing composed of: “(a) protraction and retraction of the mystacial vibrissae, (b) protraction and retraction of the nose or tip of the snout, (c) head approach and withdrawal (or extension and retraction), and (d) rapid expiration and inspiration (polypnea)”. During sniffing, all of th ...
... he called sniffing composed of: “(a) protraction and retraction of the mystacial vibrissae, (b) protraction and retraction of the nose or tip of the snout, (c) head approach and withdrawal (or extension and retraction), and (d) rapid expiration and inspiration (polypnea)”. During sniffing, all of th ...
Parietal cortex neurons of the monkey related to the visual guidance
... Kalaska et al. 1983). No such studies have been performed for neurons related to hand manipulation. The present experiments were designed to study the activity of hand manipulation neurons of area 7 with appropriate tasks of hand movements. For that purpose, monkeys were trained to manipulate object ...
... Kalaska et al. 1983). No such studies have been performed for neurons related to hand manipulation. The present experiments were designed to study the activity of hand manipulation neurons of area 7 with appropriate tasks of hand movements. For that purpose, monkeys were trained to manipulate object ...
Mirror neurons and the 8 parallel consciousnesses
... present on the left side of their environment, and shaves only on the right, etc.(16) However, it has been shown that such a person is able to unconsciously perceive the images placed on the left(43). This makes neglect an ideal situation for identifying the correlates of cerebral consciousness. Ind ...
... present on the left side of their environment, and shaves only on the right, etc.(16) However, it has been shown that such a person is able to unconsciously perceive the images placed on the left(43). This makes neglect an ideal situation for identifying the correlates of cerebral consciousness. Ind ...
Orbital Frontal Cortex Slides
... • Although an outcome may be highly desirable, we may not pursue it if the cost to obtain it is too great. – 3. The probability of success • We need to assess the uncertainty in obtaining the outcome. i.e., risk, or misinterpreting sensory information ...
... • Although an outcome may be highly desirable, we may not pursue it if the cost to obtain it is too great. – 3. The probability of success • We need to assess the uncertainty in obtaining the outcome. i.e., risk, or misinterpreting sensory information ...
CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY H.
... temporal cortex (areas 20, 21 or TE) have been implicated in visual function on the basis of behavioral, anatomic and electrophysiologic experiments (for reviews see Refs 88, 89, 95 and 98). In the present experiment labeled neurons were found in areas OA and TE. Labeled neurons within peristriate a ...
... temporal cortex (areas 20, 21 or TE) have been implicated in visual function on the basis of behavioral, anatomic and electrophysiologic experiments (for reviews see Refs 88, 89, 95 and 98). In the present experiment labeled neurons were found in areas OA and TE. Labeled neurons within peristriate a ...
MotorIntroV2
... Hierarchical & Parallel Organization of the motor systems • Top down organization of the motor pathways-opposite that of sensory paths • Subcortical motor centers--cerebellum & basal ganglia--access cortical motor areas via the thalamus (not just sensory) • Organization of multiple subcortical and ...
... Hierarchical & Parallel Organization of the motor systems • Top down organization of the motor pathways-opposite that of sensory paths • Subcortical motor centers--cerebellum & basal ganglia--access cortical motor areas via the thalamus (not just sensory) • Organization of multiple subcortical and ...
Intermediate
... The most prominent feature of the architecture of the cortex is its horizontal organization into layers. Each layer contains different cell types, and forms different types of connections with other neurons. However, a strong vertical organization is often also apparent: neurons stacked on top of ea ...
... The most prominent feature of the architecture of the cortex is its horizontal organization into layers. Each layer contains different cell types, and forms different types of connections with other neurons. However, a strong vertical organization is often also apparent: neurons stacked on top of ea ...
The avian `prefrontal cortex` and cognition - Ruhr-Universität
... The set of cognitive skills required for this behavioral optimization is called ‘executive functions’ (see glossary) and is associated with the operations of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The phylogenetic success of the order of mammals is probably related to the extraordinary cognitive flexibility t ...
... The set of cognitive skills required for this behavioral optimization is called ‘executive functions’ (see glossary) and is associated with the operations of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The phylogenetic success of the order of mammals is probably related to the extraordinary cognitive flexibility t ...
Appendix S1 Relation of local short
... activities, where each of the activities has something common with the others within the class (one-class–to–one relation). Moreover, two classes of neurons’ activity do not overlap (otherwise the same configuration of firing neurons could give rise to two or more different short-term spectra). Thus ...
... activities, where each of the activities has something common with the others within the class (one-class–to–one relation). Moreover, two classes of neurons’ activity do not overlap (otherwise the same configuration of firing neurons could give rise to two or more different short-term spectra). Thus ...
Functional sex differences in human primary auditory cortex
... A.RTone 3A insert phones (with E.A.Rlink eartips), which have a flat frequency response between 100 and 4000 Hz, measured in a Zwislocki-coupler. Stimuli were presented binaurally. Ten seconds before injection of radioactive water, the stimulus was started. Because the tracer reaches the brain appro ...
... A.RTone 3A insert phones (with E.A.Rlink eartips), which have a flat frequency response between 100 and 4000 Hz, measured in a Zwislocki-coupler. Stimuli were presented binaurally. Ten seconds before injection of radioactive water, the stimulus was started. Because the tracer reaches the brain appro ...
Here - Statistical Analysis of Neuronal Data
... probability density functions (pdfs) is proposed. The BLML estimator is consistent and computationally efficient. To compute the BLML estimator, three approximate algorithms are presented: a binary quadratic programming (BQP) algorithm for medium scale problems, a Trivial algorithm for large-scale p ...
... probability density functions (pdfs) is proposed. The BLML estimator is consistent and computationally efficient. To compute the BLML estimator, three approximate algorithms are presented: a binary quadratic programming (BQP) algorithm for medium scale problems, a Trivial algorithm for large-scale p ...
Spinogenesis and pruning in the primary auditory
... dendritic trees of pyramidal cells in A1 continued to grow beyond this peak until at least 7 months of age. Likewise, the dendritic trees continued to form more branches up to at least 7 months of age. Comparison of these data with those sampled from the primary visual area (V1) of the same animals ...
... dendritic trees of pyramidal cells in A1 continued to grow beyond this peak until at least 7 months of age. Likewise, the dendritic trees continued to form more branches up to at least 7 months of age. Comparison of these data with those sampled from the primary visual area (V1) of the same animals ...
Introduction to Surgical Therapies
... (pronounced “leed”), a thin wire with four tiny contacts, into the brain. The lead is connected to a pacemaker-like device that is implanted in the chest area, called the neurostimulator or pulse generator. This component of the system contains the battery and computer circuitry that generates the e ...
... (pronounced “leed”), a thin wire with four tiny contacts, into the brain. The lead is connected to a pacemaker-like device that is implanted in the chest area, called the neurostimulator or pulse generator. This component of the system contains the battery and computer circuitry that generates the e ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (fMRI) can be obtained preoperatively and is completely noninvasive (2– 4). Together with the high sensitivity of MRI for the visualization of brain lesions, fMRI can establish the relationship between the margin of the lesion and the functionally viable brain tissue. fMRI thus has the potential to ...
... (fMRI) can be obtained preoperatively and is completely noninvasive (2– 4). Together with the high sensitivity of MRI for the visualization of brain lesions, fMRI can establish the relationship between the margin of the lesion and the functionally viable brain tissue. fMRI thus has the potential to ...
Non-human primates in neuroscience research: The case against its
... analysis has implicated several inherent neural networks. In patients, the neural networks affected seem to show consistent modifications, including differential connectivity between limbic areas and cortical networks, and brain regions involved in attention and auditory processing. fMRI and other n ...
... analysis has implicated several inherent neural networks. In patients, the neural networks affected seem to show consistent modifications, including differential connectivity between limbic areas and cortical networks, and brain regions involved in attention and auditory processing. fMRI and other n ...
A Brain Adaptation View of Plasticity: Is Synaptic Plasticity An Overly
... representation in primary somatosensory cortex (Coq and Xerri, 1998) in response to exposure to a complex environment. Beyond cortical sites, areas such as hippocampus [Moser, 1997 #80;Rampon, 2000 #87] basal ganglia (Comery et al., 1995; 1996), and cerebellar cortex (Greenough, et al., 1986) are al ...
... representation in primary somatosensory cortex (Coq and Xerri, 1998) in response to exposure to a complex environment. Beyond cortical sites, areas such as hippocampus [Moser, 1997 #80;Rampon, 2000 #87] basal ganglia (Comery et al., 1995; 1996), and cerebellar cortex (Greenough, et al., 1986) are al ...
A cytoarchitectonic and TH-immunohistochemistry
... functional aspects of these neuronal groups in this species, broadening the basis for understanding evolutionary processes associated with the nuclear organization of this neuronal system. 2. Materials and methods Four young adult rock cavies (two males and two females), weighing between 300 and 400 ...
... functional aspects of these neuronal groups in this species, broadening the basis for understanding evolutionary processes associated with the nuclear organization of this neuronal system. 2. Materials and methods Four young adult rock cavies (two males and two females), weighing between 300 and 400 ...
Location of the polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus
... help to guide movement of the head and limbs in relation to nearby objects. In support of this view, some neurons have both sensory and motor properties and could therefore serve as a sensorimotor link (Gentilucci et al. 1988; Graziano et al. 1997). The distribution of these sensory responses within ...
... help to guide movement of the head and limbs in relation to nearby objects. In support of this view, some neurons have both sensory and motor properties and could therefore serve as a sensorimotor link (Gentilucci et al. 1988; Graziano et al. 1997). The distribution of these sensory responses within ...
motor cortex
... Flexor-extensor rule: motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles are located posteriorly to motor neurons that innervate extensor muscles Proximal-distal rule: motor neurons that innervate distal muscles (e.g., hand muscles) are located lateral to motor neurons that innervate proximal muscles ...
... Flexor-extensor rule: motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles are located posteriorly to motor neurons that innervate extensor muscles Proximal-distal rule: motor neurons that innervate distal muscles (e.g., hand muscles) are located lateral to motor neurons that innervate proximal muscles ...
Real-time tomography from magnetoencephalography (MEG
... what each side might represent and partly by a mismatch in the actual coin (paper) about what value one side is portraying and how this value is described implicitly or explicitly on the other side. The end product of an EEG or MEG experiment is some measure of activity. Even if we assume that the ...
... what each side might represent and partly by a mismatch in the actual coin (paper) about what value one side is portraying and how this value is described implicitly or explicitly on the other side. The end product of an EEG or MEG experiment is some measure of activity. Even if we assume that the ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.