How the Brain Pays Attention
... regions localized by the fMRI studies—synchronized their activity with the visual processing areas of the cortex. Figure 5 shows the level of coherence (synchronized neural activity) between the two regions in different frequency bands (hertz). Figure 5. Coherent neural activity between frontal cort ...
... regions localized by the fMRI studies—synchronized their activity with the visual processing areas of the cortex. Figure 5 shows the level of coherence (synchronized neural activity) between the two regions in different frequency bands (hertz). Figure 5. Coherent neural activity between frontal cort ...
Inside the Teen Brain
... Added to this brew of neurotransmitters are the sex hormones, which not only turn on an interest in sex but also change the brain's architecture. Giedd and his colleagues recently reported for the first time that, in both sexes, surges of testosterone at puberty swell the amygdala, an almond-shaped ...
... Added to this brew of neurotransmitters are the sex hormones, which not only turn on an interest in sex but also change the brain's architecture. Giedd and his colleagues recently reported for the first time that, in both sexes, surges of testosterone at puberty swell the amygdala, an almond-shaped ...
BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY Zsolt Liposits and Imre Kalló 2016
... The first and the second lectures describe the two major derivatives of the prosencephalon; the diencephalon which is the rostral enlargement of the neural tube positioned in front of the mesencephalon and the telencephalon which shows up as two lateral enlargements of the diencephalon. The macrosco ...
... The first and the second lectures describe the two major derivatives of the prosencephalon; the diencephalon which is the rostral enlargement of the neural tube positioned in front of the mesencephalon and the telencephalon which shows up as two lateral enlargements of the diencephalon. The macrosco ...
Stages of Brain Development
... The cerebral hemispheres differentiate around the fifth week. By the end of the sixth week the rudimentary development of the five brain vesicles is complete. The cerebral hemispheres have grown and now cover the diencephalon, the mesencephalon and the cerebellum, which has only just begun developme ...
... The cerebral hemispheres differentiate around the fifth week. By the end of the sixth week the rudimentary development of the five brain vesicles is complete. The cerebral hemispheres have grown and now cover the diencephalon, the mesencephalon and the cerebellum, which has only just begun developme ...
Chap 2 Outline
... The cortex is about one tenth of an inch in thickness. Its wrinkles, or corticalization, allow for greater surface area and are associated with human’s greater intelligence as compared with other animals. ...
... The cortex is about one tenth of an inch in thickness. Its wrinkles, or corticalization, allow for greater surface area and are associated with human’s greater intelligence as compared with other animals. ...
Central Nervous system - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning
... Located outside of the skull and spine Connects the central nervous system to all other parts of the body ...
... Located outside of the skull and spine Connects the central nervous system to all other parts of the body ...
The Nervous System - FW Johnson Collegiate
... - although stimuli above threshold levels produce nerve impulses of identical speed and intensity, variation with respect to frequency does occur - a glass rod at 40˚C may cause a single neuron to reach threshold level while the same glass rod at 50˚C will cause 2 or more to fire. The greater the nu ...
... - although stimuli above threshold levels produce nerve impulses of identical speed and intensity, variation with respect to frequency does occur - a glass rod at 40˚C may cause a single neuron to reach threshold level while the same glass rod at 50˚C will cause 2 or more to fire. The greater the nu ...
neurobiological-basis-of-behavior
... Glial cells – supportive cell in the central nervous system - Surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them - Glial cells are non-neural cells that perform "housekeeper" functions such as clearing out debris and excess materials. - Glial cells support neurons by providing supp ...
... Glial cells – supportive cell in the central nervous system - Surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them - Glial cells are non-neural cells that perform "housekeeper" functions such as clearing out debris and excess materials. - Glial cells support neurons by providing supp ...
the cerebral cortex
... Motor homunculus (overrepresentation muscles of the thumb, hand, face, tongue, somatotopic representation) Afferents : S I, thalamic VL Efferents : basal ganglia, thalamus, (VL) RF, superior colliculus, nc. ruber, RF, pontine ncc., ...
... Motor homunculus (overrepresentation muscles of the thumb, hand, face, tongue, somatotopic representation) Afferents : S I, thalamic VL Efferents : basal ganglia, thalamus, (VL) RF, superior colliculus, nc. ruber, RF, pontine ncc., ...
(1 Mark).
... The RAS is a network of neurons extending in many directions from the reticular formation to different parts of the brain and spinal cord. (1 Mark) Its main function is to regulate levels of arousal in the cerebral cortex. (1 Mark) When something happens that demands attention, the RAS will send an ...
... The RAS is a network of neurons extending in many directions from the reticular formation to different parts of the brain and spinal cord. (1 Mark) Its main function is to regulate levels of arousal in the cerebral cortex. (1 Mark) When something happens that demands attention, the RAS will send an ...
The Auditory System
... (b) secondary somatosensory cortex (SII): Bilateral processing. (d) somatosensory association cortex (posterior parietal lobe): Vision and touch, as illustrated by “asomatognosia.” ...
... (b) secondary somatosensory cortex (SII): Bilateral processing. (d) somatosensory association cortex (posterior parietal lobe): Vision and touch, as illustrated by “asomatognosia.” ...
Biological Determinants of Behaviour
... Categories of human behaviour (Cont…) 3. Category of performance (or skilled behavior) Behavior that demonstrates skills of various kinds from work to sports 4. Category of instinctual behaviour, Behavior determined by the need or desire to avoid pain and embrace pleasure. It has to do with the ana ...
... Categories of human behaviour (Cont…) 3. Category of performance (or skilled behavior) Behavior that demonstrates skills of various kinds from work to sports 4. Category of instinctual behaviour, Behavior determined by the need or desire to avoid pain and embrace pleasure. It has to do with the ana ...
Neurons and the BOLD response
... the yellow brain scans (upper left) look very similar, but when one is subtracted from the other, a very clean signal remains. In this case it shows significant activity in the occipital lobe. ...
... the yellow brain scans (upper left) look very similar, but when one is subtracted from the other, a very clean signal remains. In this case it shows significant activity in the occipital lobe. ...
Endocrine and nervous system
... The giraffe’s sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!! ...
... The giraffe’s sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!! ...
Chapter 3
... • Motor cortex is just posterior • Followed by Central Sulcus • Function: • Motor nerves from left motor cortex control right side of the body • Broca’s area very important in speech production • Until 1960s, pre-frontal lobotomy was surgery that intended to minimize dysfunction and calm moods of me ...
... • Motor cortex is just posterior • Followed by Central Sulcus • Function: • Motor nerves from left motor cortex control right side of the body • Broca’s area very important in speech production • Until 1960s, pre-frontal lobotomy was surgery that intended to minimize dysfunction and calm moods of me ...
chapter 2 - Forensic Consultation
... • The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet of cells composed of billions of nerve cells and their countless interconnections. It is the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center. • Glial cells support, nourish, and protect the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. • Each lobe performs many ...
... • The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet of cells composed of billions of nerve cells and their countless interconnections. It is the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center. • Glial cells support, nourish, and protect the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. • Each lobe performs many ...
NeuroReview1
... dorsal root ganglion. Synaptic terminals are in dorsal horn. Ventral Root Neurons are motor (efferent) multipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horn. ...
... dorsal root ganglion. Synaptic terminals are in dorsal horn. Ventral Root Neurons are motor (efferent) multipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horn. ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.