Eye-specific Segregation Requires Neural Activity in Three
... The segregation of afferent fiber projections from two or more sources into patches, columns, or bands occurs widely in the vertebrate central nervous system. The mechanisms which mediate this segregation are not yet understood; however, several investigators have proposed that segregation might be ...
... The segregation of afferent fiber projections from two or more sources into patches, columns, or bands occurs widely in the vertebrate central nervous system. The mechanisms which mediate this segregation are not yet understood; however, several investigators have proposed that segregation might be ...
Neural Mechanisms for Binaural Interactions in the Superior Olivary
... • Principal cells of MNTB resemble bushy cells in that they have the first of these specializations, inputs from calyces of Held. In vitro intracellular recordings show that MNTB cells also have a lowthreshold K+ conductance similar to that found in bushy cells. When membrane voltage is measured in ...
... • Principal cells of MNTB resemble bushy cells in that they have the first of these specializations, inputs from calyces of Held. In vitro intracellular recordings show that MNTB cells also have a lowthreshold K+ conductance similar to that found in bushy cells. When membrane voltage is measured in ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... Optiphot). Specifically, we measured the amount of time required for a constant level of exposure of photographic film having a given sensitivity (we chose ASA 12) at different spots within an immunoreactive zone in the ICC. The metering spot is designed to cover 1% of the area in view at any given ...
... Optiphot). Specifically, we measured the amount of time required for a constant level of exposure of photographic film having a given sensitivity (we chose ASA 12) at different spots within an immunoreactive zone in the ICC. The metering spot is designed to cover 1% of the area in view at any given ...
Motion perception: Seeing and deciding
... appearance of the saccade target and maintain a steady level of discharge during the delay period until the saccade is made. These neurons are spatially selective in that the delay-period response occurs only before eye movements into the movement field. Thus the delay period activity forms a tempor ...
... appearance of the saccade target and maintain a steady level of discharge during the delay period until the saccade is made. These neurons are spatially selective in that the delay-period response occurs only before eye movements into the movement field. Thus the delay period activity forms a tempor ...
The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... Beyond the optic chiasm the axons from nasal and temporal hemiretinas carrying input from one hemifield join in the optic tract, which extends to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The lateral geniculate nucleus in primates consists of six layers, each of which receives input from eithe ...
... Beyond the optic chiasm the axons from nasal and temporal hemiretinas carrying input from one hemifield join in the optic tract, which extends to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The lateral geniculate nucleus in primates consists of six layers, each of which receives input from eithe ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... A retinofugal axon or a corticofugal axon from layer five of area 17, each innervating the thalamus (the lateral geniculate nucleus or pulvinar region, respectively) and also sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the ...
... A retinofugal axon or a corticofugal axon from layer five of area 17, each innervating the thalamus (the lateral geniculate nucleus or pulvinar region, respectively) and also sending a branch to the midbrain, can be treated as a part of a sensory system on the way to the cortex, and when it is, the ...
Chapter 2
... commissural connections. He described a lateral cortex (LC; Fig. 2.2) which is a thin layer of gray matter beside ICC that is covered by the brachium of the IC (BI; Fig. 2.2). The brachium contains axons that project to the medial geniculate body in the diencephalon and descending fibers to the IC f ...
... commissural connections. He described a lateral cortex (LC; Fig. 2.2) which is a thin layer of gray matter beside ICC that is covered by the brachium of the IC (BI; Fig. 2.2). The brachium contains axons that project to the medial geniculate body in the diencephalon and descending fibers to the IC f ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... A modern parcellation of the agranular frontal cortex (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of ...
... A modern parcellation of the agranular frontal cortex (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
Canonical computations of cerebral cortex
... presence of more complex aspects of objects across larger regions of sensory space and with greater ability to recognize these structures in ways invariant to position or pose [19,41]. Action control may similarly be hierarchically organized from posterior to anterior across areas of motor and front ...
... presence of more complex aspects of objects across larger regions of sensory space and with greater ability to recognize these structures in ways invariant to position or pose [19,41]. Action control may similarly be hierarchically organized from posterior to anterior across areas of motor and front ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... Optiphot). Specifically, we measured the amount of time required for a constant level of exposure of photographic film having a given sensitivity (we chose ASA 12) at different spots within an immunoreactive zone in the ICc. The metering spot is designed to cover 1% of the area in view at any given ...
... Optiphot). Specifically, we measured the amount of time required for a constant level of exposure of photographic film having a given sensitivity (we chose ASA 12) at different spots within an immunoreactive zone in the ICc. The metering spot is designed to cover 1% of the area in view at any given ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... The rostral (superior) colliculi (part of corpora quadrigemina) are two mounds of neural tissue lying close to one another on the dorsal brain stem. The rostral colliculi are layered and have a topographic organization. The general function is visuomotor coordination. Each rostral colliculus has con ...
... The rostral (superior) colliculi (part of corpora quadrigemina) are two mounds of neural tissue lying close to one another on the dorsal brain stem. The rostral colliculi are layered and have a topographic organization. The general function is visuomotor coordination. Each rostral colliculus has con ...
Biological Cybernetics
... 3 do not fire. It follows that a non-firing neuron conveys as much information as a firing one. From these considerations depth perception with large receptive fields seems to be possible. In the Simulander II model, information about the distance of a prey as evaluated by binocular neurons is trans ...
... 3 do not fire. It follows that a non-firing neuron conveys as much information as a firing one. From these considerations depth perception with large receptive fields seems to be possible. In the Simulander II model, information about the distance of a prey as evaluated by binocular neurons is trans ...
to view: Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Central
... Because these terms indicate the location of structures relative to other structures, it is possible for a structure in the anterior portion of the brain to be posterior to a structure that is even further anterior, just as Greenland, north relative to most of the rest of the world, is south of the ...
... Because these terms indicate the location of structures relative to other structures, it is possible for a structure in the anterior portion of the brain to be posterior to a structure that is even further anterior, just as Greenland, north relative to most of the rest of the world, is south of the ...
19 TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS (C.N. IV)
... VISUAL reflex center. It is a highly laminated (layered) structure. The top or dorsal-most three layers receive visual information primarily from two sources, i.e., the retina (retinocollicular) and the visual cortex (area 17; corticotectal). In contrast to the exclusively visual nature of the super ...
... VISUAL reflex center. It is a highly laminated (layered) structure. The top or dorsal-most three layers receive visual information primarily from two sources, i.e., the retina (retinocollicular) and the visual cortex (area 17; corticotectal). In contrast to the exclusively visual nature of the super ...
A COMMON REFERENCE FRAME FOR MOVEMENT PLANS IN
... Figure 3 | A PRR neuron that encodes reaches to visual targets in an eye-centred reference frame. A monkey faced a panel that contained touch-sensitive buttons. Within each button was a red and a green light-emitting diode (LED). Red lights indicated where the monkey should look; green lights indica ...
... Figure 3 | A PRR neuron that encodes reaches to visual targets in an eye-centred reference frame. A monkey faced a panel that contained touch-sensitive buttons. Within each button was a red and a green light-emitting diode (LED). Red lights indicated where the monkey should look; green lights indica ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... sessions they sat in a primate chair with their head held stationary. Eye position was obtained from a search coil implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode penetrations and subsequent injections, a plastic grid with 1-mm spacing between adjacent holes (Crist Ins ...
... sessions they sat in a primate chair with their head held stationary. Eye position was obtained from a search coil implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode penetrations and subsequent injections, a plastic grid with 1-mm spacing between adjacent holes (Crist Ins ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... including purely visual, eye movement-related, and visual-pursuit neurons. The visual and visual-pursuit neurons respond to moving large area random dot patterns, and, in part, to moving single spots of light in a direction selective manner. In contrast to the NOT-DTN, these neurons as a population ...
... including purely visual, eye movement-related, and visual-pursuit neurons. The visual and visual-pursuit neurons respond to moving large area random dot patterns, and, in part, to moving single spots of light in a direction selective manner. In contrast to the NOT-DTN, these neurons as a population ...
Cerebellum: Movement Regulation and Cognitive Functions
... The midline portion of the cerebellum, the vermis together with the medial nuclear zones that receive its projections, is involved in several regulatory functions, for example the stabilization of head and body posture, the coordination of locomotion and the control of gaze, using combined eye and h ...
... The midline portion of the cerebellum, the vermis together with the medial nuclear zones that receive its projections, is involved in several regulatory functions, for example the stabilization of head and body posture, the coordination of locomotion and the control of gaze, using combined eye and h ...
Retinal ganglion cell synchronization by fixational eye movements
... action potentials from retinal ganglion cells to the brain. The basic features of time-varying stimuli can be estimated from the activity of the ganglion cell population by using artificial neural networks, discriminant analysis or linear decoders1–6. For a completely stationary stimulus, the activi ...
... action potentials from retinal ganglion cells to the brain. The basic features of time-varying stimuli can be estimated from the activity of the ganglion cell population by using artificial neural networks, discriminant analysis or linear decoders1–6. For a completely stationary stimulus, the activi ...
Do cortical areas emerge from a protocottex?
... developing neocortex can be taken from the development of area-specific outputs. In the adult neocortex, the unique outputs of specific areas are reflected in part by the limited distributions of types of cortical projection neurons, including those that send axons to subcortical targets such as the ...
... developing neocortex can be taken from the development of area-specific outputs. In the adult neocortex, the unique outputs of specific areas are reflected in part by the limited distributions of types of cortical projection neurons, including those that send axons to subcortical targets such as the ...
Development of the Auditory Areas
... Just as in the primary auditory area, neurogenetic gradients in the secondary auditory areas (TE2 and TE3) fit into the global longitudinal gradient in the rest of the neocortex (Fig. 12-7). For simplicity, the data of the deep layers (VI-V) and superficial layers (IV-II) were combined. The longitud ...
... Just as in the primary auditory area, neurogenetic gradients in the secondary auditory areas (TE2 and TE3) fit into the global longitudinal gradient in the rest of the neocortex (Fig. 12-7). For simplicity, the data of the deep layers (VI-V) and superficial layers (IV-II) were combined. The longitud ...
The Motor Cortex and Descending Control of Movement
... suggests that the functional role of the ipsilateral projection differs from that of the contralateral one. Questions still remain regarding how the M1 activity during ipsilateral movements is related to the ipsilateral CST projection, and to other brain regions involved in movement control, and how ...
... suggests that the functional role of the ipsilateral projection differs from that of the contralateral one. Questions still remain regarding how the M1 activity during ipsilateral movements is related to the ipsilateral CST projection, and to other brain regions involved in movement control, and how ...
Reverse-Engineering the Human Auditory Pathway
... noise robustness relative to human listeners, especially when the background noise consists of competing speech. There is a notably parallel structure between the speech recognition pathway [7] and the speaker identification pathway [8] – note that each has three major stages between primary auditor ...
... noise robustness relative to human listeners, especially when the background noise consists of competing speech. There is a notably parallel structure between the speech recognition pathway [7] and the speaker identification pathway [8] – note that each has three major stages between primary auditor ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.