Lecture 1 - "Hudel" Luecke
... The universality of the Genetic Code is a result of strong evolutionary pressure: a change in a single codon would alter nearly every protein made by an organism. The universality is the basis for recombinant protein technology: mammalian mRNA sequences inserted into bacteria will be correctly expre ...
... The universality of the Genetic Code is a result of strong evolutionary pressure: a change in a single codon would alter nearly every protein made by an organism. The universality is the basis for recombinant protein technology: mammalian mRNA sequences inserted into bacteria will be correctly expre ...
Chapter 4 Powerpoint (Cellular Structure and
... • Plants cells typically have a central vacuole Up to 90% volume of some cells Functions in: • Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products • Development of turgor pressure • Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes ...
... • Plants cells typically have a central vacuole Up to 90% volume of some cells Functions in: • Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products • Development of turgor pressure • Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes ...
Eukaryotic cells
... • Each long chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome. • The number of chromosomes in a cell depends on the species. ...
... • Each long chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome. • The number of chromosomes in a cell depends on the species. ...
tRNA
... The catalytic site forms a new peptide bond between valine and histidine. A three-aminoacid chain is now attached to the tRNA in the second binding site. The tRNA in the first site leaves, and the ribosome moves one codon over on the mRNA. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. ...
... The catalytic site forms a new peptide bond between valine and histidine. A three-aminoacid chain is now attached to the tRNA in the second binding site. The tRNA in the first site leaves, and the ribosome moves one codon over on the mRNA. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. ...
Tertiary Structure
... must be core structures III. Antiparallel β-sheet structures antiparallel β-sheets have hydrophobes on one side of sheet and polar residues on the other side. These β-sheet structures can be surface exposed. IV: Metal & Disulfide rich proteins Small, < 100 a.a. Structure dependent upon either the me ...
... must be core structures III. Antiparallel β-sheet structures antiparallel β-sheets have hydrophobes on one side of sheet and polar residues on the other side. These β-sheet structures can be surface exposed. IV: Metal & Disulfide rich proteins Small, < 100 a.a. Structure dependent upon either the me ...
PowerPoint Presentation Materials to accompany
... Note: One cysteine codon and no alanine codons Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
... Note: One cysteine codon and no alanine codons Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
Dichotomy in the definition of prescriptive information suggests both
... He deliberately made no attempt to quantify intuitive/semantic information by measuring specific functional choices with fixed units. That would be impossible. In computer science, bits are used to measure the number of binary choice placeholders in a potential digital prescriptive informational (pr ...
... He deliberately made no attempt to quantify intuitive/semantic information by measuring specific functional choices with fixed units. That would be impossible. In computer science, bits are used to measure the number of binary choice placeholders in a potential digital prescriptive informational (pr ...
ELSI Learning Objective
... Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. ...
... Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. ...
Chapter 17--6 slides per page
... A tRNA molecule consists of a single RNA strand that is only about 80 nucleotides long Flattened into one plane to reveal its base pairing, a tRNA molecule looks like a cloverleaf Because of hydrogen bonds, tRNA actually twists and folds into a three-dimensional molecule tRNA is roughly L-sh ...
... A tRNA molecule consists of a single RNA strand that is only about 80 nucleotides long Flattened into one plane to reveal its base pairing, a tRNA molecule looks like a cloverleaf Because of hydrogen bonds, tRNA actually twists and folds into a three-dimensional molecule tRNA is roughly L-sh ...
Translational Termination
... mediated by 3 factors: RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG RF2 recognizes UAA and UGA RF3 is a GTPbinding protein facilitating binding of RF1 and RF2 to the ribosome Eukaryotes has 2 release factors: eRF1 recognizes all 3 termination codons eRF3 is a ribosome-dependent GTPase helping eRF1 release ...
... mediated by 3 factors: RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG RF2 recognizes UAA and UGA RF3 is a GTPbinding protein facilitating binding of RF1 and RF2 to the ribosome Eukaryotes has 2 release factors: eRF1 recognizes all 3 termination codons eRF3 is a ribosome-dependent GTPase helping eRF1 release ...
example abstract
... Effectors are essential virulence proteins produced by a broad range of parasites. Upon entry into host cytoplasm, pathogen effectors manipulate specific physiological processes or signaling pathways to subvert host immunity. However, the majority of effectors, especially those produced by eukaryoti ...
... Effectors are essential virulence proteins produced by a broad range of parasites. Upon entry into host cytoplasm, pathogen effectors manipulate specific physiological processes or signaling pathways to subvert host immunity. However, the majority of effectors, especially those produced by eukaryoti ...
Mutations Practice
... To demonstrate how the three types of mutations occur (insertion, deletion, and substitution). To demonstrate the effects of the three types of mutations on the amino acid chain produced by a DNA strand. ...
... To demonstrate how the three types of mutations occur (insertion, deletion, and substitution). To demonstrate the effects of the three types of mutations on the amino acid chain produced by a DNA strand. ...
投影片 1
... Strains containing either ski4-1 or ski7Δ in combination with dcp1-2 or dcp2-7 are not able to grow under conditions restrictive for the decapping defect ...
... Strains containing either ski4-1 or ski7Δ in combination with dcp1-2 or dcp2-7 are not able to grow under conditions restrictive for the decapping defect ...
IV RNA Synthesis: Transcription
... are exposed in the major groove. However, in order to initiate RNA synthesis correctly, RNA polymerase must first recognize the initiation sites on the DNA. These sites, called promoters, are recognized by the sigma factor (Figure 6.26). Once the RNA polymerase has bound to the promoter, transcriptio ...
... are exposed in the major groove. However, in order to initiate RNA synthesis correctly, RNA polymerase must first recognize the initiation sites on the DNA. These sites, called promoters, are recognized by the sigma factor (Figure 6.26). Once the RNA polymerase has bound to the promoter, transcriptio ...
cDNA structure, expression and nucleic acid
... heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes, which are composed of pre-mRNAs, 20-25 different proteins and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes (consisting of U-snRNAs and multiple proteins), are involved in nuclear pre-mRNA processing and splicing (3). Many RNAbinding pro ...
... heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes, which are composed of pre-mRNAs, 20-25 different proteins and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes (consisting of U-snRNAs and multiple proteins), are involved in nuclear pre-mRNA processing and splicing (3). Many RNAbinding pro ...
Dynamic Model of the Process of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotic Cells
... the individual mechanistic steps of translation: initiation, elongation and termination. This model also incorporates two key regulators of protein synthesis: the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) and the interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E) with the bindin ...
... the individual mechanistic steps of translation: initiation, elongation and termination. This model also incorporates two key regulators of protein synthesis: the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) and the interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E) with the bindin ...
fa458c46b7c1dda
... a Substantial Fraction of a Cell’s Energy Budget • Polypeptide elongation involves hydrolysis of at least four high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds • Assuming each bond has a G°of 7.3 kcal/mol, they represent a free energy input of 29.2 kcal/mol • Additional GTPs are used during formation of the init ...
... a Substantial Fraction of a Cell’s Energy Budget • Polypeptide elongation involves hydrolysis of at least four high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds • Assuming each bond has a G°of 7.3 kcal/mol, they represent a free energy input of 29.2 kcal/mol • Additional GTPs are used during formation of the init ...
attachment of amino acids to tRNA
... ribosomes 4-6 The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA. 4-7 Channels through the ribosome allow the mRNA and growing polypeptide to enter and/or exit the ribosome. ...
... ribosomes 4-6 The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA. 4-7 Channels through the ribosome allow the mRNA and growing polypeptide to enter and/or exit the ribosome. ...
Document
... As a messenger RNA is first translated, EJC proteins are removed as the ribosome passes by. Normally, translation termination will occur ...
... As a messenger RNA is first translated, EJC proteins are removed as the ribosome passes by. Normally, translation termination will occur ...
Class I tRNA
... Both 30S and 50S subunits are self-assembled in vitro. In 30S subunit, S4 and S8 bind to 16S rRNA first, other proteins then join sequentially and cooperatively. ...
... Both 30S and 50S subunits are self-assembled in vitro. In 30S subunit, S4 and S8 bind to 16S rRNA first, other proteins then join sequentially and cooperatively. ...
Inhibition of translation in living eukaryotic cells by an RNA G
... GQ motif represses gene expression on the transcriptional or translational level. To this end, we performed realtime PCR assays with lysates from those that were transfected with the empty psiCHECK-2, GQ27 and GQ27m plasmid, respectively. Twenty-four hours after transfection, total RNA was isolated ...
... GQ motif represses gene expression on the transcriptional or translational level. To this end, we performed realtime PCR assays with lysates from those that were transfected with the empty psiCHECK-2, GQ27 and GQ27m plasmid, respectively. Twenty-four hours after transfection, total RNA was isolated ...
EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable)
... a protein; therefore, DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. The process of protein synthesis, also known as translation, can be divided into three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The central step in translation is elongation, which entails the one-at-a-time addition of amino acids t ...
... a protein; therefore, DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. The process of protein synthesis, also known as translation, can be divided into three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The central step in translation is elongation, which entails the one-at-a-time addition of amino acids t ...
14-3: Origin of Heredity
... • Laws explain things, but they do not describe them • EX. Law of Gravity ...
... • Laws explain things, but they do not describe them • EX. Law of Gravity ...
Aminoacylated tmRNA from Escherichia coli interacts with
... et al+, 1994), and tRNA modifying enzymes (Felden, unpubl+ results)+ What about the other tRNA specific proteins involved in translation? E. coli tmRNA is found associated with 70S ribosomes in vivo, at about one molecule per 10 ribosomes (Ushida et al+, 1994; Komine et al+, 1996)+ How tmRNA enters ...
... et al+, 1994), and tRNA modifying enzymes (Felden, unpubl+ results)+ What about the other tRNA specific proteins involved in translation? E. coli tmRNA is found associated with 70S ribosomes in vivo, at about one molecule per 10 ribosomes (Ushida et al+, 1994; Komine et al+, 1996)+ How tmRNA enters ...
Macromolecules
... Amino Acids are the subunits of proteins. Each amino acid contains an amino group (NH2) and an acid group (-COOH). These groups are attached to a central carbon, called the alpha carbon. Each amino acid also has an R-group, which is different for each of the 20 amino acids used in cells. Amino acids ...
... Amino Acids are the subunits of proteins. Each amino acid contains an amino group (NH2) and an acid group (-COOH). These groups are attached to a central carbon, called the alpha carbon. Each amino acid also has an R-group, which is different for each of the 20 amino acids used in cells. Amino acids ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.