Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions
... (aq) after the formula = dissolved in water, an aqueous solution: NaCl(aq) is a salt water solution used after a product indicates a gas has been produced: H2↑ used after a product indicates a solid has been produced: PbI2↓ ...
... (aq) after the formula = dissolved in water, an aqueous solution: NaCl(aq) is a salt water solution used after a product indicates a gas has been produced: H2↑ used after a product indicates a solid has been produced: PbI2↓ ...
Rxns of Alkynes
... c. easly get aldehyde 5. Hydrogenation a. usually can’t stop at alkene b. can stop only if using “poison” catalyst (Lindlar catalyst) c. get cis alkene for syn addition with Lindlar d. to get trans, use Na or Li in liquid ammonia (-78ºC) e. this is radical addition ...
... c. easly get aldehyde 5. Hydrogenation a. usually can’t stop at alkene b. can stop only if using “poison” catalyst (Lindlar catalyst) c. get cis alkene for syn addition with Lindlar d. to get trans, use Na or Li in liquid ammonia (-78ºC) e. this is radical addition ...
Taylor`s Organic Reactions Summary Sheet
... Alkyl halides are produced in halogenation reactions with hydrocarbons. Recall Markovnikov’s rule “the rich get richer” applies when hydrogen halides are reactants, and must be considered in designing the synthesis of specific alkyl halides. These alkyl halides can then be transformed into other org ...
... Alkyl halides are produced in halogenation reactions with hydrocarbons. Recall Markovnikov’s rule “the rich get richer” applies when hydrogen halides are reactants, and must be considered in designing the synthesis of specific alkyl halides. These alkyl halides can then be transformed into other org ...
Chemical reactions
... transformations in which one element or one group of elements from a combination is replaced with another element or group of elements: ...
... transformations in which one element or one group of elements from a combination is replaced with another element or group of elements: ...
(substituted) carbon
... Protonation-deprotonation reactions interconvert alkenes to give an equilibrium mixture of isomers. Under these conditions, a reaction is said to be under thermodynamic control. ...
... Protonation-deprotonation reactions interconvert alkenes to give an equilibrium mixture of isomers. Under these conditions, a reaction is said to be under thermodynamic control. ...
CH2=CH2
... Each of the carbon-hydrogen bonds is formed by overlap of on sp2 hybrid on carbon with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom. The C-H bond length in ethylene (1.08 A0) is slightly shorter than the C-H bond in ethane (1.09 A0) ,because the sp2 orbital in ethylene has more s character (one-third s) than a ...
... Each of the carbon-hydrogen bonds is formed by overlap of on sp2 hybrid on carbon with the 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom. The C-H bond length in ethylene (1.08 A0) is slightly shorter than the C-H bond in ethane (1.09 A0) ,because the sp2 orbital in ethylene has more s character (one-third s) than a ...
Cracking (chemistry)
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term ""cracking"" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis. Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, Diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG.