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... hydrocarbons undergo substitution more readily than addition (because of delocalization of bonds). • Example: if benzene is treated with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (catalyst), nitrobenzene is produced. ...
... hydrocarbons undergo substitution more readily than addition (because of delocalization of bonds). • Example: if benzene is treated with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (catalyst), nitrobenzene is produced. ...
CI 12.4 - Sackville School
... This is electrophilic addition. It is very important that you understand this mechanism and are able to explain it. The other reactions of ethene proceed by a similar mechanism. ...
... This is electrophilic addition. It is very important that you understand this mechanism and are able to explain it. The other reactions of ethene proceed by a similar mechanism. ...
Amino Acids - chemrevise
... Tertiary Structures of Proteins The tertiary structure is the folding of the secondary structure into more complex shapes. It is held in place by interactions between the R- side groups in more distant amino acids . These can be a variety of interactions including hydrogen bonding, sulphursulphur b ...
... Tertiary Structures of Proteins The tertiary structure is the folding of the secondary structure into more complex shapes. It is held in place by interactions between the R- side groups in more distant amino acids . These can be a variety of interactions including hydrogen bonding, sulphursulphur b ...
PowerPoint
... Acidity of Carboxylic Acids • Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning they only partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOOanions in aqueous solution. For example, at room temperature, only 0.02%of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated in water. Since the carboxylic acids are weak ...
... Acidity of Carboxylic Acids • Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning they only partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOOanions in aqueous solution. For example, at room temperature, only 0.02%of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated in water. Since the carboxylic acids are weak ...
Micellar Catalytic Effect of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide
... in eugenol it will followed by Claisen rearrangement reaction. Because of that the use of heat on allylation of eugenol should be avoided. To avoid using heat, reaction could be conduct in room temperature, since reaction of ether formation involves two phase, so reaction could be done by phase tran ...
... in eugenol it will followed by Claisen rearrangement reaction. Because of that the use of heat on allylation of eugenol should be avoided. To avoid using heat, reaction could be conduct in room temperature, since reaction of ether formation involves two phase, so reaction could be done by phase tran ...
Solvothermal Synthesis of Polyazomethine Microspheres
... 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine was synthesised according to the previously reported procedure[S2] with a little modified. 4-nitrobenzaldehydewas(10.0 g，66mmol) dissolved in 60 mL nitrobenzene, to which 4.7ml (68mmol) pyrrole was added. Then the above solution was dropped into re ...
... 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine was synthesised according to the previously reported procedure[S2] with a little modified. 4-nitrobenzaldehydewas(10.0 g，66mmol) dissolved in 60 mL nitrobenzene, to which 4.7ml (68mmol) pyrrole was added. Then the above solution was dropped into re ...
Amino acids week 7(mine new)
... • For some molecules the mirror image is a different molecule (the mirror image is non-superimposable). When this happens the 2 forms of the molecule are described as OPTICAL ISOMERS. Optical isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism. ...
... • For some molecules the mirror image is a different molecule (the mirror image is non-superimposable). When this happens the 2 forms of the molecule are described as OPTICAL ISOMERS. Optical isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism. ...
THE CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND
... Notes: (1) A primary amide is an amide unsubstituted on the amide nitrogen - amides with alkyl or other substituents on N cannot be dehydrated. (2) SOCl2 is thionyl chloride and POCl3 is phosphorus oxychloride. Both are powerful dehydrating agents. Reactivity of Nitriles: ...
... Notes: (1) A primary amide is an amide unsubstituted on the amide nitrogen - amides with alkyl or other substituents on N cannot be dehydrated. (2) SOCl2 is thionyl chloride and POCl3 is phosphorus oxychloride. Both are powerful dehydrating agents. Reactivity of Nitriles: ...
Rhenium(VII) Catalysis of Prins Cyclization Reactions
... more complex aldehyde 17, prepared by a metathesis reaction between crotonaldehyde and the corresponding terminal alkene, was noticeably slower than the others. All of the products showed very good selectivity for the equatorial alcohol THP products. Unsaturated aldehydes will be useful for forming ...
... more complex aldehyde 17, prepared by a metathesis reaction between crotonaldehyde and the corresponding terminal alkene, was noticeably slower than the others. All of the products showed very good selectivity for the equatorial alcohol THP products. Unsaturated aldehydes will be useful for forming ...
Variant 1 - Egypt IG Student Room
... reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information ...
... reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information ...
L refers to the left hand orientation of the OH on the chiral carbon
... -1,4-glycosidic bonds • it has an average molecular weight of 400,000 g/mol, corresponding to approximately 2200 glucose units per molecule • cellulose molecules act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized waterinsoluble fibers in which the OH groups form numerous inte ...
... -1,4-glycosidic bonds • it has an average molecular weight of 400,000 g/mol, corresponding to approximately 2200 glucose units per molecule • cellulose molecules act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized waterinsoluble fibers in which the OH groups form numerous inte ...
Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone Notes
... soluble in the 30 mL of bleach (sodium hypochlorite in water) and acetic acid. When bleach and cyclohexanol are mixed, one homogenous solution results. Cyclohexanone has a lower solubility in this system than cyclohexanol. vii The cyclohexanone which forms is slightly soluble in the water so it sepa ...
... soluble in the 30 mL of bleach (sodium hypochlorite in water) and acetic acid. When bleach and cyclohexanol are mixed, one homogenous solution results. Cyclohexanone has a lower solubility in this system than cyclohexanol. vii The cyclohexanone which forms is slightly soluble in the water so it sepa ...
Chapter 1 – An Overview of Nutrition
... 1. In the stomach 2. In the small intestine B. Protein absorption III. Proteins in the body A. Protein synthesis 1. Delivering the instructions 2. Lining up the amino acids 3. Sequencing errors 4. Nutrients and gene expression B. Roles of proteins 1. As building materials for growth and maintenance ...
... 1. In the stomach 2. In the small intestine B. Protein absorption III. Proteins in the body A. Protein synthesis 1. Delivering the instructions 2. Lining up the amino acids 3. Sequencing errors 4. Nutrients and gene expression B. Roles of proteins 1. As building materials for growth and maintenance ...
AH Chemistry 2015
... 1 Check that the answer sheet provided is for Chemistry Advanced Higher (Section A). 2 For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil and, where necessary, an eraser. 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish Candidate Numbe ...
... 1 Check that the answer sheet provided is for Chemistry Advanced Higher (Section A). 2 For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil and, where necessary, an eraser. 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish Candidate Numbe ...
friedel-craft reaction: a review - Advance Institute of Biotech
... alkyl or halogeno ligand of the transition metal (Ti, Zn, etc.) catalysts and form cationic alkyl complexes, which are regarded as the active species of the alkene polymerization. The bulky anion, formed from the above reaction of MAO with the halogeno ligand, does not coordinate the cationic transi ...
... alkyl or halogeno ligand of the transition metal (Ti, Zn, etc.) catalysts and form cationic alkyl complexes, which are regarded as the active species of the alkene polymerization. The bulky anion, formed from the above reaction of MAO with the halogeno ligand, does not coordinate the cationic transi ...
Origin of the Diastereoselection in the Indium
... of (E)-1a and 2a did not produce 3a at all, which manifested that the allylic sulfone unit served as a good leaving group in the allyl Grignard reagent. The Zn- or Sn-mediated Barbier reaction of (E)-1a and 2a under the above optimized condition (the 4:1 mixed solvent of H2O and THF at reflux for 2. ...
... of (E)-1a and 2a did not produce 3a at all, which manifested that the allylic sulfone unit served as a good leaving group in the allyl Grignard reagent. The Zn- or Sn-mediated Barbier reaction of (E)-1a and 2a under the above optimized condition (the 4:1 mixed solvent of H2O and THF at reflux for 2. ...
102 Lecture Ch14b
... • This is because O is more electronegative than all other elements (besides F), so it removes electron density from any element with which it forms a covalent bond • Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones [O] ...
... • This is because O is more electronegative than all other elements (besides F), so it removes electron density from any element with which it forms a covalent bond • Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones [O] ...
Exam 1 Review Sheet Chapter 15 Chemistry 110b
... Amides and lactams: methods for the synthesis of amides . Hydrolysis of amides: know the acid and base mechanisms, compare these hydrolyses with the ester case in terms of ease of hydrolysis. Lactams--nomenclature, properties, occurrence, and reactions. [10e, 804-812; 9e, 802-809] ...
... Amides and lactams: methods for the synthesis of amides . Hydrolysis of amides: know the acid and base mechanisms, compare these hydrolyses with the ester case in terms of ease of hydrolysis. Lactams--nomenclature, properties, occurrence, and reactions. [10e, 804-812; 9e, 802-809] ...
Topic 16 Test - A
... P can represent a pair of optical isomers. Q can represent a pair of geometrical isomers. R can represent another pair of geometrical isomers different from Q. Draw one possible structure for one of the isomers of each of P, Q and R. Structure of P ...
... P can represent a pair of optical isomers. Q can represent a pair of geometrical isomers. R can represent another pair of geometrical isomers different from Q. Draw one possible structure for one of the isomers of each of P, Q and R. Structure of P ...
Abstract OXIDATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS AND CYCLIZATIONS
... halogen based reagents. Chapter I deals with the importance of halogens in organic reactions, emphasizing more on their use for oxidative transformations. Further this chapter focuses on the properties and applications of iodine based reagents for various organic transformations. Emphasis on catalyt ...
... halogen based reagents. Chapter I deals with the importance of halogens in organic reactions, emphasizing more on their use for oxidative transformations. Further this chapter focuses on the properties and applications of iodine based reagents for various organic transformations. Emphasis on catalyt ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... ii) A hydrocarbon shows a mass parent peak at m/e 102. It exhibits NMR signals δ 7.4 (5 H ,Singlet) and δ 3.08 (1H Singlet). What is the probable structure of the hydrocarbon? ...
... ii) A hydrocarbon shows a mass parent peak at m/e 102. It exhibits NMR signals δ 7.4 (5 H ,Singlet) and δ 3.08 (1H Singlet). What is the probable structure of the hydrocarbon? ...
Chapter 4. Functional Group Transformations: Oxidation and
... The rate of reduction and the chemoselectivity of a reducing agent toward a given substrate depends on factors such as 1. the nature of the metal cation (Li+, Na+, Zn2+), which serves as a Lewis acid to activate the carbonyl or cyano moiety toward hydride transfer. 2. substitution of the reducing ag ...
... The rate of reduction and the chemoselectivity of a reducing agent toward a given substrate depends on factors such as 1. the nature of the metal cation (Li+, Na+, Zn2+), which serves as a Lewis acid to activate the carbonyl or cyano moiety toward hydride transfer. 2. substitution of the reducing ag ...
Petasis reaction
The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono–Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the chemical reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines.Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine, the Petasis reaction can be described as a variation of the Mannich reaction. Rather than generating an enolate to form the substituted amine product, in the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating α-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.