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Cats and pregnant women – Toxoplasmosis
Cats and pregnant women – Toxoplasmosis

... UK have already had T gondii infection and most will now have lifelong immunity to it. The majority of people infected with T gondii will be unaware of it because infection usually goes unnoticed, or causes mild flu symptoms. However in people with an impaired immune system such as those undergoing ...
Taenia solium Taeniosis/Cysticercosis
Taenia solium Taeniosis/Cysticercosis

... Source: O’Neal S & Flecker RH (2015). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21: 969-976. ...
Screening - Nottingham
Screening - Nottingham

... necessarily perceive they are at risk of, or are already affected by a disease or its complications, are asked a question or offered a test, to identify those individuals who are more likely to be helped than harmed by further tests or treatment to reduce the risk of a disease or its complications. ...
IMMUNE SYSTEM
IMMUNE SYSTEM

... Transmission-Based Precautions= Tier II Used in addition to Standard Precautions for Pts. With known or suspected infection that are spread by any of the following: airborne, droplet or contact ...
ODJFS communicable disease fact sheet
ODJFS communicable disease fact sheet

... Children who are infected with HIV may generally continue to be in a child care setting, unless the child bites or scratches other children. However, the child with HIV is at much greater risk of catching some other type of infection from the “healthy children.” This is because the child with HIV ma ...
Dengue Fever (cont.)
Dengue Fever (cont.)

... In early 2008 a small scale hospital human trial (Indonesia Professor Umar Achmadi – Indonesian University Jakarta)was carried out in Indonesia in which 5 patients were diagnosed with Dengue (using the NS1 and Elisa early testing regime). Patients were treated with M.A.C and were found to be free of ...
Combatting Tuberculosis and Homelessness: Recommendations
Combatting Tuberculosis and Homelessness: Recommendations

... the disease but also to prevent it. Tuberculosis has largely lost its identity as a “specialty disease” and has become a matter of concern for private physicians, community hospitals, and health departments. Despite all of these advances, tuberculosis remains a public health problem. In developing ...
This document aims to inform, raise awareness and assist
This document aims to inform, raise awareness and assist

... Infants and young children are particularly susceptible. Nine million children under 5 years of age die annually and lung diseases are the most common causes of these deaths. Pneumonia is the world’s leading killer of young children [6]. Asthma is the most common chronic disease, affecting about 14% ...
The Effect of Disease-Induced Mortality on Structural
The Effect of Disease-Induced Mortality on Structural

... As has been well-studied [21–23], the interplay between the network structure and the dynamic spreading process strongly influences the outcomes of an epidemic. In lattice structures, all nodes have a similar importance to disease risk and spread because of the spatial invariance and the homogeneous ...
Persistent Infection of Vero Cells with Tacaribe Virus
Persistent Infection of Vero Cells with Tacaribe Virus

... cell lines were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 8 % heat-inactivated calf serum and 50 #g/ml gentamicin, and maintained in Eagle's basal medium (BME) containing 3 % calf serum and antibiotics. Viruses. The TRLV 11573 strain of TACV used in this study was propagated ...
Diagnosis of measles by clinical case definition in dengue
Diagnosis of measles by clinical case definition in dengue

... or dengue in Puerto Rico. We have no information to support or refute the hypothesis that physicians routinely draw blood samples from doubtful or more clinically difficult cases; if this were the case, however, it might explain some misclassification. However, even with these limitations our analys ...
MALARIA
MALARIA

... “Roll Back Malaria is a global partnership initiated by WHO, UNDP, UNICEF and World Bank in 1998. It seeks to work with governments, other development agencies, NGOs, and private sector companies to reduce human and socio-economic costs of malaria”. Malaria in Pregnancy Malaria infection during preg ...
Tuberculosis Of The Musculoskeletal System
Tuberculosis Of The Musculoskeletal System

... ensured by employing local health care workers to document the ingestion of each dose of medication.5 Although treatment protocols vary, the current trend has been to use intermittent dosing (2–3 times per week), and to decrease the overall duration of therapy from 18 months to 9 months.5,55,59,69 F ...
Diagnosis and Management of Autoinflammatory Diseases
Diagnosis and Management of Autoinflammatory Diseases

... After the identification of the molecular defect, it became clear that the distribution of MKD is not limited to Northern European populations. In fact, a relevant number of patients have been observed also among populations living around the Mediterranean basin and Asia. Clinical Features and Genot ...
Vol. 18 | Weekly issue 24 | 13 June 2013
Vol. 18 | Weekly issue 24 | 13 June 2013

... infection occurred on 8 May, 12 days after first exposure. He first presented with malaise, muscle pain and fever (38.5°C) in the afternoon, and cough later that day. As case 2 was known as a contact of the index case, he was admitted in the infectious diseases ward in hospital D and isolated on 9 M ...
Antibiotic-Awareness-Week-2014-Presentation-For-Use
Antibiotic-Awareness-Week-2014-Presentation-For-Use

... Wherever they are used, antibiotics must be used responsibly ...
Study Session 9 Foodborne Diseases and the Investigation of
Study Session 9 Foodborne Diseases and the Investigation of

... global health problem. Contamination can be with microorganisms, chemicals and physical objects in food (as you learned in Study Session 8), which can lead to a variety of foodborne diseases or ill effects such as poisoning. Foodborne diseases are still a major public health concern all over the wor ...
Tick Talk
Tick Talk

... The American dog tick is responsible for transmitting the majority of RMSF cases. This tick is widely distributed throughout the eastern two-thirds of the U.S., as well as in limited areas along the Pacific Coast. The Rocky Mountain wood tick is only found in the western U.S. Both tick species are v ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)

... countries has risen up to 10 million each year, with at least 3 million deaths (4, 5, 6). It is one of the leading causes of mortality among infectious diseases worldwide, 95% of TB cases and 98% of TB deaths occur in developing countries (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Once a person infected, active disease dev ...
Signs, Symptoms, and Presentations
Signs, Symptoms, and Presentations

... Edema, the collection of fluid in spaces where it would not normally occur, can be due to a variety of reasons. Peripheral edema, ranging from trace to 4+ and pitting, may be due to sodium overload, renal disease, hepatic disease, or cardiac disease. Other causes include vascular insufficiency, disc ...
OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard Annual Refresher
OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard Annual Refresher

... personnel, lab technicians and technologists. Building service personnel and other employees who handle medical waste may be exposed if they are injured by contaminated needles or sharps. The bloodborne disease that presents the greatest risk is hepatitis B. Worldwide the hepatitis B virus (HBV) inf ...
Acquired Heart Disease in Infants and Children
Acquired Heart Disease in Infants and Children

... Involve Cardiology team early – Echocardiography Know limitations of all forms of testing in this ...
View Full Article - PDF - Global Science Research Journals
View Full Article - PDF - Global Science Research Journals

... The rationale of this review is to describe the current status of Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) and the epidemic of MDR-TB and HIV co-infection through a systematic review of the literature in worldwide. TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that ...
How to respond to radiological, biological and chemical threats: guide for the European
How to respond to radiological, biological and chemical threats: guide for the European

... issues. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens was responsible for the management and coordination of the project as well as for the cooperation of the whole partnership with the European Commission (Directorate for Public Health), which co-financed the project. The aim of the present ha ...
MMWR - American Hospital Association
MMWR - American Hospital Association

... Optimal infection-control practices and appropriate site care should prevent transmission of vaccinia virus from vaccinated health-care workers to patients. Health-care personnel providing direct patient care should keep their vaccination sites covered with gauze in combination with a semipermeable ...
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Pandemic



A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan ""all"" and δῆμος demos ""people"") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. More recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics. The Black Death was a devastating pandemic, killing over 75 million people.
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