Chapter 8
... Writing Chemical Formulas In chemical formulas, the symbol of the cation is always written first. The anion symbol follows the cation. Subscripts are used to represent the number of ions of each element in the ionic compound. – If there are no subscripts, the number is one. ...
... Writing Chemical Formulas In chemical formulas, the symbol of the cation is always written first. The anion symbol follows the cation. Subscripts are used to represent the number of ions of each element in the ionic compound. – If there are no subscripts, the number is one. ...
with answers
... (c) Give the electronic configurations of sodium (Na) and nitrogen (N), showing clearly how electrons are distributed between orbitals of the same energy. Na (Z=11): 1s²2s²2p63s N (Z=7): 1s²2s²2px2py2pz (d) Explain why compounds of the formulae Na2O and NH3 form from their respective constituent ele ...
... (c) Give the electronic configurations of sodium (Na) and nitrogen (N), showing clearly how electrons are distributed between orbitals of the same energy. Na (Z=11): 1s²2s²2p63s N (Z=7): 1s²2s²2px2py2pz (d) Explain why compounds of the formulae Na2O and NH3 form from their respective constituent ele ...
Chemistry Unit Test Study Guide (2012-2013)
... The charge becomes positive when what has happened? ___________________________________________________________________ The charge becomes negative when what has happened? ___________________________________________________________________ If an atom in group 16 gains 2 electrons, how many valence e ...
... The charge becomes positive when what has happened? ___________________________________________________________________ The charge becomes negative when what has happened? ___________________________________________________________________ If an atom in group 16 gains 2 electrons, how many valence e ...
Solution
... = 1.83 x 1083, this is a very large K indicating that the products are strongly favored. This is consistent with the negative free energy of part (c). e) The pressure of oxygen is 5 atm and the pressure of hydrogen is 10 atm at 25°C. In which direction will the reaction shift in order to regain equi ...
... = 1.83 x 1083, this is a very large K indicating that the products are strongly favored. This is consistent with the negative free energy of part (c). e) The pressure of oxygen is 5 atm and the pressure of hydrogen is 10 atm at 25°C. In which direction will the reaction shift in order to regain equi ...
The basic trigonal bipyramidal molecular
... Review exercises. Answer on notebook paper. Make your answers complete and to the point. 1. Explain why the bond angles in the trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry are 90 degrees and 120 degrees. 2. Explain the difference between the terms “axial” and “equatorial” as it applies to molecular ...
... Review exercises. Answer on notebook paper. Make your answers complete and to the point. 1. Explain why the bond angles in the trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry are 90 degrees and 120 degrees. 2. Explain the difference between the terms “axial” and “equatorial” as it applies to molecular ...
1. What are micelles? Give two examples of micellar systems. Sol. A
... resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is proportional to the magnetic field applied to the nucleus. This would be a precisely determined frequency if the only magnetic field acting on the nucleus was the externally applied field. But the response of the atomic electrons to that externally applied magnetic fi ...
... resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is proportional to the magnetic field applied to the nucleus. This would be a precisely determined frequency if the only magnetic field acting on the nucleus was the externally applied field. But the response of the atomic electrons to that externally applied magnetic fi ...
chemical bonding and molecular structure
... we have multiple bonds between atoms. The for mation of multiple bonds envisages sharing of more than one electr on pair between two atoms. If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is called a double bond. For example, in the carbon dioxide molecule, we have two doub ...
... we have multiple bonds between atoms. The for mation of multiple bonds envisages sharing of more than one electr on pair between two atoms. If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is called a double bond. For example, in the carbon dioxide molecule, we have two doub ...
VSEPR Theory - Mr. Walsh`s AP Chemistry
... would be a regular (all edges and angles equal) tetrahedron, with the carbon atom in the center and hydrogen atoms at the vertices: ...
... would be a regular (all edges and angles equal) tetrahedron, with the carbon atom in the center and hydrogen atoms at the vertices: ...
Lewis Structures
... Nonbonding pairs are physically larger than bonding pairs. Therefore, their repulsions are greater; this tends to decrease bond angles in a molecule. ...
... Nonbonding pairs are physically larger than bonding pairs. Therefore, their repulsions are greater; this tends to decrease bond angles in a molecule. ...
Stoichiometry Mole Concept Balancing Chemical Equations
... Lewis structures are a means of determining stable electron arrangements in molecules. It considers the valence electrons of an atom only. A stable arrangement is one in which each atom has achieved a Noble gas electron configuration by distribution of the electrons as bond pairs or lone pairs (non- ...
... Lewis structures are a means of determining stable electron arrangements in molecules. It considers the valence electrons of an atom only. A stable arrangement is one in which each atom has achieved a Noble gas electron configuration by distribution of the electrons as bond pairs or lone pairs (non- ...
Gupta 2014 Credit: Google Images for the pictures Chapter 1
... Coordination compound: compound that contains a complex ion or ions. Ex. [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 1. Name cation before anion; one or both may be a complex. (Follow standard nomenclature for noncomplexes.) 2. Within each complex (neutral or ion), name all ligands before the metal. -Name ligands in alphabetical ...
... Coordination compound: compound that contains a complex ion or ions. Ex. [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 1. Name cation before anion; one or both may be a complex. (Follow standard nomenclature for noncomplexes.) 2. Within each complex (neutral or ion), name all ligands before the metal. -Name ligands in alphabetical ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... So, in this particular class and the following one also, we will focus our attention on this particular theory that how crystal field theory can explain so many important properties and aspects of the metal complexes; then we will just follow that crystal field theory with the modification, the lig ...
... So, in this particular class and the following one also, we will focus our attention on this particular theory that how crystal field theory can explain so many important properties and aspects of the metal complexes; then we will just follow that crystal field theory with the modification, the lig ...
2.1 Atoms and Bonds
... ◦ The properties of a compound are different than the properties of the elements in the compound ...
... ◦ The properties of a compound are different than the properties of the elements in the compound ...
VSEPR.
... electron pairs in bonds, with the result that bond angles are compressed away from the lone pairs. For example, in structures derived from tetrahedral parent geometry, such as water or ammonia, the H-O-H and H-N-H angles are compressed to be less than the 109.5º expected for a regular tetrahedron: l ...
... electron pairs in bonds, with the result that bond angles are compressed away from the lone pairs. For example, in structures derived from tetrahedral parent geometry, such as water or ammonia, the H-O-H and H-N-H angles are compressed to be less than the 109.5º expected for a regular tetrahedron: l ...
Chemistry Definitions
... 2. Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element 3. Mass number (A): Total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus if an atom of an element 4. Isotopes: Elements of the same atomic number but different number of neutrons. They have the same electron ...
... 2. Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element 3. Mass number (A): Total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus if an atom of an element 4. Isotopes: Elements of the same atomic number but different number of neutrons. They have the same electron ...
AJR Ch10 Molecular Geometry.docx Slide 1 Chapter 10 Molecular
... This is what gives the molecules their shape. ...
... This is what gives the molecules their shape. ...
Nature of Molecules and Water
... same number of electrons and protons • Key to the chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number and arrangement of its electrons in their orbitals • Bohr model – electrons in discrete orbits • Electrons have potential energy related to their position – Electrons farther from nucleus have more ener ...
... same number of electrons and protons • Key to the chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number and arrangement of its electrons in their orbitals • Bohr model – electrons in discrete orbits • Electrons have potential energy related to their position – Electrons farther from nucleus have more ener ...
Atomic Structure - Hudson City School District
... See the trend of how electrons fill the valence shells • Lewis dot structures • Octet Rule – electrons fill a shell until it’s full with 8 electrons • Atoms are most stable with a filled outer electron shell ...
... See the trend of how electrons fill the valence shells • Lewis dot structures • Octet Rule – electrons fill a shell until it’s full with 8 electrons • Atoms are most stable with a filled outer electron shell ...
Bent's rule
Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the isovalent hybridization of central atoms in molecules and the electronegativities of substituents. The rule was stated by Henry Bent as follows: ""Atomic s character concentrates in orbitals directed toward electropositive substituents"".The chemical structure of a molecule is intimately related to its properties and reactivity. Valence bond theory proposes that molecular structures are due to covalent bonds between the atoms and that each bond consists of two overlapping and typically hybridised atomic orbitals. Traditionally, p-block elements in molecules are assumed to hybridise strictly as spn, where n is either 1, 2, or 3. In addition, the hybrid orbitals are all assumed to be equivalent (i.e. the n+1 spn orbitals have the same p character). Results from this approach are usually good, but they can be improved upon by allowing hybridised orbitals with noninteger and unequal p character. Bent's rule provides a qualitative estimate as to how these hybridised orbitals should be constructed. Bent's rule is that in a molecule, a central atom bonded to multiple groups will hybridise so that orbitals with more s character are directed towards electropositive groups, while orbitals with more p character will be directed towards groups that are more electronegative. By removing the assumption that all hybrid orbitals are equivalent spn orbitals, better predictions and explanations of properties such as molecular geometry and bond strength can be obtained.Bent's rule can be generalized to d-block elements as well. The hybridisation of a metal center is arranged so that orbitals with more s character are directed towards ligands that form bonds with more covalent character. Equivalently, orbitals with more d character are directed towards groups that form bonds of greater ionic character.