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The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in the
The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in the

... exists (ÔYÕ refers to Y or W chromosomes unless stated otherwise), much of the DNA on this chromosome is not unique. This is because copies of mobile genetic elements, repeat sequences and a pseudoautosomal region can occur elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth 1991). Accordingly, sex-linked markers ...
Higher Biology Course Assessment Specification
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... cells by reference to the repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues. Stem cell research provides information on how cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation work. Stem cells can be used as model cells to study how diseases develop or for drug testing. The ethical ...
Analysis of Similarities/Dissimilarities of DNA Sequences Based on a
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... developments of sequencing techniques, many scientists from all kinds of researching fields are attracted to exploit the secrets of life. However, it is difficult to obtain biological informat- ...
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... Crucial to the transformation of A. nidulans is the production of viable protoplasts for introduction to plasmid vectors in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Using the standard technique of Ballance and Turner (1985) extensive vacuolation of protoplasts was often observed and regeneration f ...
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... The  most  remarkable  stage  of  RNA  processing  in  the  eukaryotic  nucleus  is  the  removal  of  a  large  portion  of  the  RNA  molecule  that  is  initially  synthesized‐‐a  cut‐and‐paste  job  called  RNA  splicing.  The  average  length  of  a  transcription  unit  along  a  eukaryotic DN ...
Genetic Variations That May Increase Your Resistance to Malaria
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... Malaria, an infection caused by protists from the genus Plasmodium, is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. However, North Americans rarely consider the implications of this disease because of its low-prevalence in the local population. Therefore, while most biology students are informed of ...
DNA Hybridization: A Decade of Molecular Discourse in Hominoid
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LABORATORY 3: Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Blue
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RNA synthesis/Transcription I Biochemistry 302
RNA synthesis/Transcription I Biochemistry 302

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Evolution of DNA Sequencing - Journal of the College of Physicians
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1.PtII.SNPs and TAS2R38.v3
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... heterozygotes are more likely to be weak tasters. Even in a relatively simple genetic system such as PTC tasting, one allele rarely has complete dominance over another. This experiment examined only one of several mutations in the TAS2R38 gene that influence bitter tasting ability. Variability in ta ...
Mouse Direct PCR Kit
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IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
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... Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma is composed of UV light, radicals, positive and negative charges traveling in a flow of gas in a plasma needle. One reason for why the plasma needle is advantageous is because even though the electrons and other species which are generated might be hot due to ...
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... Two applications of ferrofluids in medicine will be discussed:  Hyperthermia covers a wide variety of techniques in which elevation of temperature in ferrofluids is achieved using low-frequency electromagnetic radiation. In this way, hyperthermia is a promising approach for cancer therapy, by local ...
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ZGeneBio Urine Circulating Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit
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Construction and genetic characterization of temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of the yeast actin gene.
Construction and genetic characterization of temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of the yeast actin gene.

... In the second screen for mutations in the actin gene, diploid strain DBD1091 was transformed separately with 1 ,ug of HindIII-cleaved pool 1 DNA and pool 2 DNA. Approximately 10,000 URA+ colonies from each transformation were pooled and sporulated en masse. Random haploid spores were selected on can ...
8 DNA GENETIC TESTING - Centre for Genetics Education
8 DNA GENETIC TESTING - Centre for Genetics Education

... cheaper than ever before. The results are also automated and computerised so that the sequence is generated graphically as shown in Figure 21.3. Four colours are used for each nucleotide: guanine (black); thymine (red); adenine (green) and cytosine (blue). ...
Chapter 17. - Biology Junction
Chapter 17. - Biology Junction

... How do cells make proteins TGAAACCCTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGT from DNA? ACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACA How is one gene read and another one not? TCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAA How do proteins TCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGAC create phenotype? AP Biology TAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTA ...
Water at DNA surfaces: Ultrafast dynamics in minor groove recognition
Water at DNA surfaces: Ultrafast dynamics in minor groove recognition

... is essentially independent of details of the solute fluorophore (see, e.g., refs. 21–23 and references therein). From this family of transients we constructed the timeresolved emission spectra (TRES) shown in Fig. 3 Upper Right and the hydration correlation function C(t) given in Fig. 3 Lower. C(t) ...
SECTION B
SECTION B

... Genetic modification (GM) of crops began with the discovery that the soil bacterium Agrobacterium could be used to transfer useful genes from unrelated species into plants. The gene called Bt, which produces a pesticide toxin that is harmless to humans, but is capable of killing insect pests, is one ...
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Molecular cloning



Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as ""clones"". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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