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Optical Tweezers
Optical Tweezers

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Gerard `t Hooft

... Determinism at the Planck length (10 cm) Why not ? Simple-minded, “direct” approaches are doomed to fail. Problem that keeps coming up: why is energy always positive ? ...
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פרויקט ביולוגיה חישובית

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... radius in orbiting the Sun It was the wave nature of the electron that determined the l  De Broglie suggested nature of the orbits that all particles had a had to be able to fit an integral wave nature as well as a You number of wavelengths in an particle nature, with orbital wavelength ...
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... probabilities of the location of the particle, going to zero at certain points. Since the momentum p is definite, the location of the particle must be equally probable at all points in space. Thus we reject the attempted wavefunction as inconsistent with the uncertainty principle. The simplest wavef ...
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... mK = [ (Ep+ + Ep-)2 - (px p+ + px p-)2 - (py p+ + py p-)2 - (pz p+ + pz p-)2 ]1/2 An excel spread sheet could be designed to do this ...
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... 10-24 sec are included, most “empty” values of N can be filled [5], however then with lower accuracy for the whole ensemble of particles and resonances. The results of the present work have to be seen in the context of ref. [7], where the masses of a number of selected particles have been calculated ...
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... – If they do, then quarks and leptons become much more closely related particles; it would explain why quarks have just the right electric charges to give protons charge equal and opposite to that of electrons – If they do, it must occur at an energy about 1012 times that of the LHC – If they do, th ...
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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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