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Negative DEP traps for single cell immobilisation†
Negative DEP traps for single cell immobilisation†

... which create a closed electric field cage in the centre. The operation of the device was demonstrated by trapping single latex spheres and HeLa cells against a moving fluid. The dielectrophoretic holding force was determined experimentally by measuring the displacement of a trapped particle in a mov ...
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... In the mid-1950’s it was noticed that there two charged particles that had (experimentally) consistent masses and lifetimes and spin = 0, but very different weak decay modes: q+p+ p0 t+p+ p- p+ M&S pages 240-248 The parity of q+ = + while the parity of t+ = Some physicists said the q+ and t+ wer ...
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... the search for hints of new physics to provide direction in the quest for a unified theory of quantum mechanics and general relativity [6]. Despite the success of unifying the electroweak force and electrodynamics [5], unification with gravity remains elusive. Many approaches invoking string theory ...
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... moves as though all the system's mass were concentrated there, and that the vector sum of all the external forces were applied there. A dramatic example is given in the figure. In a fireworks display a rocket is launched and moves under the influence of gravity on a parabolic path (projectile motion ...
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Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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