Kinetic Simulations of Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks Damiano Caprioli
... while for Fermi-LAT the systematic uncertainties are comparable or even larger than the statistical error especially for the lowest energy bins due to difficulties in evaluating the galactic background (see Fig. 3 in Giordano et al., 2011, and the related discussion). ...
... while for Fermi-LAT the systematic uncertainties are comparable or even larger than the statistical error especially for the lowest energy bins due to difficulties in evaluating the galactic background (see Fig. 3 in Giordano et al., 2011, and the related discussion). ...
(n=1).
... The electrons in a large group of hydrogen atoms are excited to the n=3 level. How many spectral lines will be produced? ...
... The electrons in a large group of hydrogen atoms are excited to the n=3 level. How many spectral lines will be produced? ...
Physics, Chapter 44: Stable Nuclei
... about 300 different stable isotopes among the 102 known elements. The range of mass numbers runs from 1 to more than 250. The atomic masses of these isotopes differ very little from whole numbers. The number of stable isotopes per element varies from 1 for elements fluorine and gold to 10 for elemen ...
... about 300 different stable isotopes among the 102 known elements. The range of mass numbers runs from 1 to more than 250. The atomic masses of these isotopes differ very little from whole numbers. The number of stable isotopes per element varies from 1 for elements fluorine and gold to 10 for elemen ...
32. (5.1, 5.4) Newton`s second law In an inertial reference frame, the
... If an objects moves near the surface of a planet, then its distance to the center of the planet, for all practical purposes, does not change. On a planet with radius R and mass M the weight of a body is approximately equal to the gravitational force exerted on the object by the planet: W = GM m R2 T ...
... If an objects moves near the surface of a planet, then its distance to the center of the planet, for all practical purposes, does not change. On a planet with radius R and mass M the weight of a body is approximately equal to the gravitational force exerted on the object by the planet: W = GM m R2 T ...
ppt
... gives rise to the emission of electromagnetic transition radiation. About one photon is emitted for every 100 boundaries crossed. Transition radiation is emitted even if the velocity of the particle is less than the light velocity of a given wavelength, in contrast to Cerenkov radiation. Consequentl ...
... gives rise to the emission of electromagnetic transition radiation. About one photon is emitted for every 100 boundaries crossed. Transition radiation is emitted even if the velocity of the particle is less than the light velocity of a given wavelength, in contrast to Cerenkov radiation. Consequentl ...
One-dimensional Electromagnetic Particle Code: KEMPO1
... decrease can be neglected because c /ωc = 0.9967 with ωc t = 0.2. In advancing the velocity v from t − t/2 to t + t/2, we need the electric field E and magnetic field B at time t at particle position x(t). We interpolate the field linearly from the values at the adjacent grid points. It is inter ...
... decrease can be neglected because c /ωc = 0.9967 with ωc t = 0.2. In advancing the velocity v from t − t/2 to t + t/2, we need the electric field E and magnetic field B at time t at particle position x(t). We interpolate the field linearly from the values at the adjacent grid points. It is inter ...
Bose Einstein Condensates
... matter-wave duality, led A. Einstein to apply the same statistical approach to a gas of N indistinguishable particles of mass m. An amazing result of his theory was the prediction that below some critical temperature a finite fraction of all the particles condense into the lowest energy single-parti ...
... matter-wave duality, led A. Einstein to apply the same statistical approach to a gas of N indistinguishable particles of mass m. An amazing result of his theory was the prediction that below some critical temperature a finite fraction of all the particles condense into the lowest energy single-parti ...
Metals without Electrons - Condensed Matter Theory group
... metal to the other when, for instance, a nine-volt battery is connected across it. The amount of current that flows depends on the material in question. The current would be large in “good” metals (low resistance) but small in “bad” metals (high resistance). To understand the mechanisms that cause ...
... metal to the other when, for instance, a nine-volt battery is connected across it. The amount of current that flows depends on the material in question. The current would be large in “good” metals (low resistance) but small in “bad” metals (high resistance). To understand the mechanisms that cause ...
What does a spark chamber detect?
... charged pions decay into muons and neutrinos, the neutral pions convert directly into photons. Positrons These are identical particles to electrons, having the same characteristics. The only difference being that they are positively charged. This is an example of antimatter, and releases gamma radia ...
... charged pions decay into muons and neutrinos, the neutral pions convert directly into photons. Positrons These are identical particles to electrons, having the same characteristics. The only difference being that they are positively charged. This is an example of antimatter, and releases gamma radia ...
section on Compton effect
... Because l2 l1 is small, it is difficult to observe unless l1 is very small so that the fractional change (l2 l1)>l1 is appreciable. For this reason Compton effect is generally only observed for x rays and gamma radiation. Compton verified his result experimentally using the characteristic x-ray ...
... Because l2 l1 is small, it is difficult to observe unless l1 is very small so that the fractional change (l2 l1)>l1 is appreciable. For this reason Compton effect is generally only observed for x rays and gamma radiation. Compton verified his result experimentally using the characteristic x-ray ...
Statistical Mechanics: An overview
... within the volume element h3N around the phase point does not correspond to any measurable change in the macrostate of the system. By Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (∆q∆p∼h) for quantum particles, it can be shown that h is the Planck’s constant. However, if the energy states are discrete, the pa ...
... within the volume element h3N around the phase point does not correspond to any measurable change in the macrostate of the system. By Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (∆q∆p∼h) for quantum particles, it can be shown that h is the Planck’s constant. However, if the energy states are discrete, the pa ...
TITLE: Molecules star in quantum movie STANDFIRST: The
... no less bizarre, is wave-particle duality: under some experimental conditions particles such as electrons and atoms behave as waves, whereas light – perhaps the mostly widely studied wave phenomenon in physics – often behaves as a stream of particles called photons. For decades the interference patt ...
... no less bizarre, is wave-particle duality: under some experimental conditions particles such as electrons and atoms behave as waves, whereas light – perhaps the mostly widely studied wave phenomenon in physics – often behaves as a stream of particles called photons. For decades the interference patt ...
Lecture notes
... these experiments search answers for open issues in particle physics (the state of matter at high temperature, the origin of mass, the mechanism behind missing antimatter) and hope to discover new phenomena (eg supersymmetry, extra dimensions). The LHC has started taking data in 2009 and the first L ...
... these experiments search answers for open issues in particle physics (the state of matter at high temperature, the origin of mass, the mechanism behind missing antimatter) and hope to discover new phenomena (eg supersymmetry, extra dimensions). The LHC has started taking data in 2009 and the first L ...
chap-6-atom-structure
... the mass of the object that it’s attracted to. For example, a 1kg object is attracted to the earth with a force (weight) of 9.8 newtons, but to the moon with a force (weight) of only 1.6 newtons. A complication is that not all 1kg objects are equally attracted to all objects with the mass of the ear ...
... the mass of the object that it’s attracted to. For example, a 1kg object is attracted to the earth with a force (weight) of 9.8 newtons, but to the moon with a force (weight) of only 1.6 newtons. A complication is that not all 1kg objects are equally attracted to all objects with the mass of the ear ...
I II III
... represent a probability density, so there is a probability of finding the particle inside the barrier. Come on, commit yourself—does the particle exist inside the barrier or not? Look, I’m just a simple-minded experimentalist. Let’s move on to something we could actually measure. ...
... represent a probability density, so there is a probability of finding the particle inside the barrier. Come on, commit yourself—does the particle exist inside the barrier or not? Look, I’m just a simple-minded experimentalist. Let’s move on to something we could actually measure. ...
Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.