222 Coenzymes.p65
... Glucose is converted into pyruvate, as follows 1. Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP, which makes the glucose more reactive 2. Each glucose molecule is converted into triose phosphate 3. Two hydrogen atoms and two electrons are removed from each TP. This requires a dehydrogenase enzyme and this enz ...
... Glucose is converted into pyruvate, as follows 1. Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP, which makes the glucose more reactive 2. Each glucose molecule is converted into triose phosphate 3. Two hydrogen atoms and two electrons are removed from each TP. This requires a dehydrogenase enzyme and this enz ...
ch 9ppt
... Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? Which has more energy available: ADP or ATP? ...
... Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? Which has more energy available: ADP or ATP? ...
Chapter 1
... Begins with D-glucose as the substrate All organisms can use glucose as an energy source Requires no oxygen Occurs free in the cytoplasm Ten step pathway catalyzed by enzymes ...
... Begins with D-glucose as the substrate All organisms can use glucose as an energy source Requires no oxygen Occurs free in the cytoplasm Ten step pathway catalyzed by enzymes ...
AP_Biology_files/review guide 9,12,13,14
... 12. Describe the redox reaction of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. 13. Describe the reactions of Kreb’s cycle using roles of Acetyl CoA, citric acid, NAD+, and FAD. 14. What are the products that are produced in the Kreb’s cycle? 15. What is the importance of electron transport seen in the cristae membranes ...
... 12. Describe the redox reaction of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. 13. Describe the reactions of Kreb’s cycle using roles of Acetyl CoA, citric acid, NAD+, and FAD. 14. What are the products that are produced in the Kreb’s cycle? 15. What is the importance of electron transport seen in the cristae membranes ...
3.2 and 3.3
... Name the three groups in one monomer… Nucleic acids primary function is to …… What process puts these monomers together to form long chains…. • What process breaks down ATP for energy….. ...
... Name the three groups in one monomer… Nucleic acids primary function is to …… What process puts these monomers together to form long chains…. • What process breaks down ATP for energy….. ...
Nutrition and Metabolism
... and three fatty acids. It is absorbed from the GIT via the lymphatic system in chylomicrons which are large lipoprotiens which do not pass through the liver. Chylomicrons are hydolysed peripherally by lipoprotien lipases under the influence of insulin (especially 2-3 hrs post meal) and the fatty aci ...
... and three fatty acids. It is absorbed from the GIT via the lymphatic system in chylomicrons which are large lipoprotiens which do not pass through the liver. Chylomicrons are hydolysed peripherally by lipoprotien lipases under the influence of insulin (especially 2-3 hrs post meal) and the fatty aci ...
PPT CH 22
... – Pair of electrons passed to the next electron carrier and H+ are pumped to the intermembrane compartment – These electrons are passed through the electron transport system • With each transfer the electrons lose some energy • This energy is used to transport H+ across the inner membrane ...
... – Pair of electrons passed to the next electron carrier and H+ are pumped to the intermembrane compartment – These electrons are passed through the electron transport system • With each transfer the electrons lose some energy • This energy is used to transport H+ across the inner membrane ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ...
... phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ...
Citric acid cycle • What are the functions of Citric Acid Cycle?
... the oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred from reduced electron carriers to oxygen, and ATP is formed via a proton gradient. ...
... the oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred from reduced electron carriers to oxygen, and ATP is formed via a proton gradient. ...
06_Lecture_Presentation - Cornerstone Charter Academy
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
Cellular Respiration:
... inner mitochondrial membrane. The CAC reduces these molecules in the mitochondrial matrix, so they are right where they need to be. The electrons are transferred to ultra-complex, membraneembedded proteins that contain iron components to facilitate the transfer of electrons. Chief among these molecu ...
... inner mitochondrial membrane. The CAC reduces these molecules in the mitochondrial matrix, so they are right where they need to be. The electrons are transferred to ultra-complex, membraneembedded proteins that contain iron components to facilitate the transfer of electrons. Chief among these molecu ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... The electron transport chain (ETC)mechanism in which electrons are transferred from reduced coenzymes to an acceptor, O2. In oxidative phosphorylation- energy released by ETC is captured in a form of a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of living ...
... The electron transport chain (ETC)mechanism in which electrons are transferred from reduced coenzymes to an acceptor, O2. In oxidative phosphorylation- energy released by ETC is captured in a form of a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of living ...
Kate Buckman Modified session plan: Fermentation: one part in a
... organisms. The breakdown of the sugars to provide energy happens through similar processes in both plants and animals. Initially, through digestion, large molecules are broken down into monomers such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids or glycerol. The sugars undergo glycolysis. The net result of th ...
... organisms. The breakdown of the sugars to provide energy happens through similar processes in both plants and animals. Initially, through digestion, large molecules are broken down into monomers such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids or glycerol. The sugars undergo glycolysis. The net result of th ...
Unit 1 Practice Test
... oxygen gas (d) form ATP molecules 45. A functional difference between animals and green plants is that green plants are able to (a) synthesize glucose (b) break down carbohydrates (c) carry on aerobic respiration (d) form ATP molecules 46. Which form of energy is absorbed by green plants during the ...
... oxygen gas (d) form ATP molecules 45. A functional difference between animals and green plants is that green plants are able to (a) synthesize glucose (b) break down carbohydrates (c) carry on aerobic respiration (d) form ATP molecules 46. Which form of energy is absorbed by green plants during the ...
enzymes 194 kb enzymes
... the binding energy contributes directly to the catalysis. They provide an alternative reactions pathway of lower activation energy, by passing substrate molecules through a series of intermediate steps of altered geometry and electron distribution. The activation energy is the free energy required t ...
... the binding energy contributes directly to the catalysis. They provide an alternative reactions pathway of lower activation energy, by passing substrate molecules through a series of intermediate steps of altered geometry and electron distribution. The activation energy is the free energy required t ...
hapter 11
... – protons transported to periplasmic space rather than inner mitochondrial membrane – can use one carbon molecules instead of glucose ...
... – protons transported to periplasmic space rather than inner mitochondrial membrane – can use one carbon molecules instead of glucose ...
CHAPTER 25
... IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: If there is only one lecture session available for these topics, stress the highlights of the energy relationships and the relationship between metabolism and body temperature. If three sessions are available, use one for review of nutrients and their routes of entry into t ...
... IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: If there is only one lecture session available for these topics, stress the highlights of the energy relationships and the relationship between metabolism and body temperature. If three sessions are available, use one for review of nutrients and their routes of entry into t ...
You Light Up My Life
... Glucose is first phosphorylated in energyrequiring steps, then split to form two molecules of PGAL Enzymes remove H+ and electrons from PGAL to change NAD+ to NADH (which is used later in electron transfer ...
... Glucose is first phosphorylated in energyrequiring steps, then split to form two molecules of PGAL Enzymes remove H+ and electrons from PGAL to change NAD+ to NADH (which is used later in electron transfer ...
Muscle Energy and Metabolism
... • produces much more ATP // glycolysis = 2 vs Kreb’s Cycle = 36 to 38 • less toxic end products CO2 // glycolysis produces lactic acid • Produces metabolic water • Reduces FAD and NAD / these oxidized via electron transport system to produce most of the ATPs associated with the Kreb’s Cycle // two A ...
... • produces much more ATP // glycolysis = 2 vs Kreb’s Cycle = 36 to 38 • less toxic end products CO2 // glycolysis produces lactic acid • Produces metabolic water • Reduces FAD and NAD / these oxidized via electron transport system to produce most of the ATPs associated with the Kreb’s Cycle // two A ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... The electron transport chain (ETC)mechanism in which electrons are transferred from reduced coenzymes to an acceptor, O2. In oxidative phosphorylation- energy released by ETC is captured in a form of a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of living ...
... The electron transport chain (ETC)mechanism in which electrons are transferred from reduced coenzymes to an acceptor, O2. In oxidative phosphorylation- energy released by ETC is captured in a form of a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of living ...
Biochemistry - Circle of Docs
... 28. a vegetarian presents with concave nails, cold extremities and decrease in blood pressure. This is most likely due to a deficiency of _____________. a. Iron 29. The major action of enzymes is to act by ______________. a. Lowering the activation energy 30. Which is the complementary RNA strand to ...
... 28. a vegetarian presents with concave nails, cold extremities and decrease in blood pressure. This is most likely due to a deficiency of _____________. a. Iron 29. The major action of enzymes is to act by ______________. a. Lowering the activation energy 30. Which is the complementary RNA strand to ...
LP - Columbia University
... 53 kcal/mole released, TOO high. Too much energy released: if it were used in one fell swoop of the usual coupled reaction, we would get only a single ATP's worth, 7 kcal/mole, from this 53 kcal/mole, and we'd release a LOT of heat besides. It would be better if we could break up this -53 kcal/mole ...
... 53 kcal/mole released, TOO high. Too much energy released: if it were used in one fell swoop of the usual coupled reaction, we would get only a single ATP's worth, 7 kcal/mole, from this 53 kcal/mole, and we'd release a LOT of heat besides. It would be better if we could break up this -53 kcal/mole ...
Ch.24Pt.5_000
... 1. Fatty acid must be activated: bond to coenzyme A 2. Fatty acid must be transported into mitochondrial matrix: uses a shuttle mechanism 3. Fatty acid repeatedly oxidized, cycling thru 4 reactions: produces Acetyl CoA, FADH2, & NADH ...
... 1. Fatty acid must be activated: bond to coenzyme A 2. Fatty acid must be transported into mitochondrial matrix: uses a shuttle mechanism 3. Fatty acid repeatedly oxidized, cycling thru 4 reactions: produces Acetyl CoA, FADH2, & NADH ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.