Pathophysiology of Heart failure
... a) oxygen deprivation (e.g. coronary heart disease) b) inflammation (e.g. increased metabolic demands) ...
... a) oxygen deprivation (e.g. coronary heart disease) b) inflammation (e.g. increased metabolic demands) ...
first heart sound - Easymed.club
... 2. The greater elastic coefficient of the taut arterial walls that provide the principal vibrating chambers for the S2. Chest wall expands during inspiration Intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative to form a vacuum Venous return from the body to the right heart increases, venous return from t ...
... 2. The greater elastic coefficient of the taut arterial walls that provide the principal vibrating chambers for the S2. Chest wall expands during inspiration Intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative to form a vacuum Venous return from the body to the right heart increases, venous return from t ...
Myxomatous valve degeneration: A look at the latest developments
... complications can occur that lead to the death of the patient. For this reason the exact diagnosis and monitoring of the progression in a timely manner is of critical clinical interest in order to be able to predict the risk of decompensation, determine a prognosis and adopt an appropriate medical p ...
... complications can occur that lead to the death of the patient. For this reason the exact diagnosis and monitoring of the progression in a timely manner is of critical clinical interest in order to be able to predict the risk of decompensation, determine a prognosis and adopt an appropriate medical p ...
Basic Physiology and Approach to Heart
... No heart sounds should occur during this phase as the opening of the valves upon ejection of the blood is silent. If there is a sound then this may indicate a sign of valve disease or intracardiac shunts. ...
... No heart sounds should occur during this phase as the opening of the valves upon ejection of the blood is silent. If there is a sound then this may indicate a sign of valve disease or intracardiac shunts. ...
AJS_Paper3_Autoimmunity
... lifelong consequences. By an unknown mechanism, the immune system kills the insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is the hormone that enables the body to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. People who suffer from T1D must closely monitor their blood-glucose levels and ensure they are ...
... lifelong consequences. By an unknown mechanism, the immune system kills the insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is the hormone that enables the body to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. People who suffer from T1D must closely monitor their blood-glucose levels and ensure they are ...
2000 (PDF)
... susceptible to quinolones. Susceptibilities were determined using 2000 NCCLS breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae. Susceptibility for erythromycin was based on an MIC <4 µg/ml. ...
... susceptible to quinolones. Susceptibilities were determined using 2000 NCCLS breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae. Susceptibility for erythromycin was based on an MIC <4 µg/ml. ...
running heart rate
... a breakdown product of creatine (from phosphocreatine—used to store ATP to fuel muscle activity), and is generally a measure of kidney function (high values indicate a kidney problem). Low levels of creatinine can be benign, or can mean a low-protein diet, pregnancy, or liver disease. Men tend to ha ...
... a breakdown product of creatine (from phosphocreatine—used to store ATP to fuel muscle activity), and is generally a measure of kidney function (high values indicate a kidney problem). Low levels of creatinine can be benign, or can mean a low-protein diet, pregnancy, or liver disease. Men tend to ha ...
Heart Structure & Function
... • To transport materials (oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune components, heat, etc.) throughout the body ...
... • To transport materials (oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune components, heat, etc.) throughout the body ...
click - Uplift Education
... • To transport materials (oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune components, heat, etc.) throughout the body ...
... • To transport materials (oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune components, heat, etc.) throughout the body ...
Mitral valve prolapse by Ronald Hoffman, M.D., CNS May 1996
... If the sympathetic nervous system of a person with MVP is aroused, they can suddenly feel crushing chest pain, with heartbeat racing and pounding. They may begin to hyperventilate, feel short of breath, and break out into a cold sweat. Certain people with mitral valve prolapse sometimes experience t ...
... If the sympathetic nervous system of a person with MVP is aroused, they can suddenly feel crushing chest pain, with heartbeat racing and pounding. They may begin to hyperventilate, feel short of breath, and break out into a cold sweat. Certain people with mitral valve prolapse sometimes experience t ...
Murmurs - National Heart Centre Singapore
... often without the use of artificial parts. The mitral valve is the most commonly repaired valve, but the aortic and tricuspid valves may also undergo some of these repair techniques. During surgical repair of valve defects, such as mitral incompetence, the surgeon reconstructs the valve so that it c ...
... often without the use of artificial parts. The mitral valve is the most commonly repaired valve, but the aortic and tricuspid valves may also undergo some of these repair techniques. During surgical repair of valve defects, such as mitral incompetence, the surgeon reconstructs the valve so that it c ...
YL6 Module 3, Exam 1 Contested Questions Which of the following
... The answer was just the one that said post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis happens 3 weeks after skin infection. However, another true statement about non-suppurative diseases caused by S.pyogenes is that there’s also a higher incidence with patients with severe pharyngitis. So shouldn’t B. A and B ...
... The answer was just the one that said post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis happens 3 weeks after skin infection. However, another true statement about non-suppurative diseases caused by S.pyogenes is that there’s also a higher incidence with patients with severe pharyngitis. So shouldn’t B. A and B ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE
... a) oxygen deprivation (e.g. coronary heart disease) b) inflammation (e.g. increased metabolic demands) ...
... a) oxygen deprivation (e.g. coronary heart disease) b) inflammation (e.g. increased metabolic demands) ...
Lecture on Inflammation and Innate Immunity
... •“Cytokines” are soluble protein mediators secreted by immune cells (mostly) that act on other cells to regulate their activity; many are called “interleukins” (IL-1, IL-2, etc.) (note: sometimes exist in cell-bound forms) •Cytokines have many functions, we’ll focus on a few central functions of som ...
... •“Cytokines” are soluble protein mediators secreted by immune cells (mostly) that act on other cells to regulate their activity; many are called “interleukins” (IL-1, IL-2, etc.) (note: sometimes exist in cell-bound forms) •Cytokines have many functions, we’ll focus on a few central functions of som ...
The clinical and etiological profile of atrial fibrillation after
... thromboembolism and heart failure.8 Prevalence of atrial fibrillation increases with age.9 In western countries, rheumatic heart disease is a rare cause of atrial fibrillation but in developing countries like India it is one of the commonest cause of atrial fibrillation. In a study done on North Ind ...
... thromboembolism and heart failure.8 Prevalence of atrial fibrillation increases with age.9 In western countries, rheumatic heart disease is a rare cause of atrial fibrillation but in developing countries like India it is one of the commonest cause of atrial fibrillation. In a study done on North Ind ...
Heart sounds Lecture (2012).
... 2nd component occurs due to the closure of the A-V valves 3rd component is produced when semi-lunar valves open 4th component produced due to turbulent blood flow into large arteries The mitral component heard at the apex beat area [left 5th intercostal ...
... 2nd component occurs due to the closure of the A-V valves 3rd component is produced when semi-lunar valves open 4th component produced due to turbulent blood flow into large arteries The mitral component heard at the apex beat area [left 5th intercostal ...
Page - Legionnaires` disease outbreak investigation
... doses of inhaled organisms required to induce symptoms in humans can be low. However, given the likely geographic extent of the exposed population, the probability of infection may also be low. It is notable that no evidence has been found to indicate that cases infected nearer a source, and therefo ...
... doses of inhaled organisms required to induce symptoms in humans can be low. However, given the likely geographic extent of the exposed population, the probability of infection may also be low. It is notable that no evidence has been found to indicate that cases infected nearer a source, and therefo ...
Considerations on Antibiotic Use for Outpatients
... * A total point score for a given patient is obtained by summing the patient’s age in years (age minus 10 for women) and the points for each applicable characteristic. The points assigned to each predictor variable were based on coefficients obtained from the logistic-regression model used in step 2 ...
... * A total point score for a given patient is obtained by summing the patient’s age in years (age minus 10 for women) and the points for each applicable characteristic. The points assigned to each predictor variable were based on coefficients obtained from the logistic-regression model used in step 2 ...
Ideal Ventricular Assist Device
... develops, with consequent restriction of ventricular filling, ventricular end-diastolic pressure elevate as do pulmonary or systemic venous pressure, depending on which ventricle is involved • Involvement of AV valves then adds valvar regurgitation to the already impaired hemodynamic state • Endomyo ...
... develops, with consequent restriction of ventricular filling, ventricular end-diastolic pressure elevate as do pulmonary or systemic venous pressure, depending on which ventricle is involved • Involvement of AV valves then adds valvar regurgitation to the already impaired hemodynamic state • Endomyo ...
Resting heart rate and cardiovascular events: time for a new crusade?
... duration (some patients die after the first plaque rupture) and its symptomatology (some ruptures remain silent): this is the ‘vulnerable’ period. Risk factors for plaque rupture are summarized in Figure 1, but, to date, remain only incompletely identified. It is not known whether some risk factors ...
... duration (some patients die after the first plaque rupture) and its symptomatology (some ruptures remain silent): this is the ‘vulnerable’ period. Risk factors for plaque rupture are summarized in Figure 1, but, to date, remain only incompletely identified. It is not known whether some risk factors ...
Cardiac glycosides, antiarrhymic and antianginal drugs
... therapy of heart failure • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used for short-term control of acute/advanced heart failure that is unresponsive to the “more conventional” ( i.e. diuretics and ACE inhibitors) treatments. ...
... therapy of heart failure • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used for short-term control of acute/advanced heart failure that is unresponsive to the “more conventional” ( i.e. diuretics and ACE inhibitors) treatments. ...
Autoimmunity - Lehigh University
... • EAE is mediated by T cells and can be induced in many species by immunization with a myelin basic protein (MBP) or protolipid protein (PLP) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (20-7) Within 2-3 weeks animals develop cellular infiltration of the myelin sheaths of the central nervous system: resulting in ...
... • EAE is mediated by T cells and can be induced in many species by immunization with a myelin basic protein (MBP) or protolipid protein (PLP) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (20-7) Within 2-3 weeks animals develop cellular infiltration of the myelin sheaths of the central nervous system: resulting in ...
Atrial Fibrillation Information Sheet
... may cause chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness or fatigue. In some patients there are no accompanying symptoms. ...
... may cause chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness or fatigue. In some patients there are no accompanying symptoms. ...
PowerPoint - Delmar
... – Estrogen replacement therapy – Reduction of triglyceride and cholesterol levels – Maintaining normal blood pressure © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ...
... – Estrogen replacement therapy – Reduction of triglyceride and cholesterol levels – Maintaining normal blood pressure © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ...
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever, also known as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a throat infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and a characteristic but uncommon non itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. The heart is involved in about half of cases. Permanent damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually only occurs after multiple attacks but may occasionally occur after a single case of ARF. The damaged valves may result in heart failure. The abnormal valves also increase the risk of the person developing atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves.Acute rheumatic fever may occur following an infection of the throat by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. If it is untreated ARF occurs in up to three percent of people. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve the production of antibodies against a person's own tissues. Some people due to their genetics are more likely to get the disease when exposed to the bacteria than others. Other risk factors include malnutrition and poverty. Diagnosis of ARF is often based on the presence of signs and symptoms in combination with evidence of a recent streptococcal infection.Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics, such as penicillin, decreases their risk of getting ARF. This often involves testing people with sore throats for the infection, which may not be available in the developing world. Other preventative measures include improved sanitation. In those with ARF and RHD prolonged periods of antibiotics are sometimes recommended. Gradual return to normal activities may occur following an attack. Once RHD develops, treatment is more difficult. Occasionally valve replacement surgery or repair is required. Otherwise complications are treated as per normal.Acute rheumatic fever occurs in about 325,000 children each year and about 18 million people currently have rheumatic heart disease. Those who get ARF are most often between the ages of 5 and 14, with 20% of first-time attacks occurring in adults. The disease is most common in the developing world and among indigenous peoples in the developed world. In 2013 it resulted in 275,000 deaths down from 374,000 deaths in 1990. Most deaths occur in the developing world where as many as 12.5% of people affected may die each year. Descriptions of the condition are believed to date back to at least the 5th century BCE in the writings of Hippocrates. The disease is so named because its symptoms are similar to those of some rheumatic disorders.