SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER: A review of the
... upon which the Salmonella genus is divided into species level. Salmonella typhi having 0; 9, 12 and H: d antigens forms part of Group 0: 9 (D 1) in the Kaufmann- White classification scheme. This group has 0 antigens 9 or 12 common to at least 89 serotypes amongst which is the S. berta sub group (4 ...
... upon which the Salmonella genus is divided into species level. Salmonella typhi having 0; 9, 12 and H: d antigens forms part of Group 0: 9 (D 1) in the Kaufmann- White classification scheme. This group has 0 antigens 9 or 12 common to at least 89 serotypes amongst which is the S. berta sub group (4 ...
Etiology of Valvular Heart Disease in the 21st Century
... dary to aortic dilatation, is the primary valvular lesion described in ankylosing spondylitis. The aortic ring is dilated and the cusps appear to be somewhat rolled and inverted. The most significant morphologic changes are encountered in the proximal three to four centimeter of the aorta. Mitral va ...
... dary to aortic dilatation, is the primary valvular lesion described in ankylosing spondylitis. The aortic ring is dilated and the cusps appear to be somewhat rolled and inverted. The most significant morphologic changes are encountered in the proximal three to four centimeter of the aorta. Mitral va ...
standard operating procedure
... ventricles will not fall open until the strong fibrous cords linking the opposing walls are cut. Cut these and open the ventricles. 8. Compare the two sides of the heart. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the ...
... ventricles will not fall open until the strong fibrous cords linking the opposing walls are cut. Cut these and open the ventricles. 8. Compare the two sides of the heart. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the ...
IMMUNOLOGY SIMPLIFIED Autoimmune diseases
... vaccine • Swine flu – 1976; 1 additional case per 100,000 vaccines • 3000-6000 cases in US/year regardless of whether or not the patient received a flu vaccine • Meningococcal vaccine (Menactra) is quadrivalent for a reason—even tho’ there are 6 serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis (A, B, C, X, Y, W ...
... vaccine • Swine flu – 1976; 1 additional case per 100,000 vaccines • 3000-6000 cases in US/year regardless of whether or not the patient received a flu vaccine • Meningococcal vaccine (Menactra) is quadrivalent for a reason—even tho’ there are 6 serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis (A, B, C, X, Y, W ...
Fact Sheet: Aortic Stenosis
... leaflets occurs as one gets older. Aortic stenosis most typically occurs in patients older than 75 years of age. In a minority of cases, a congenital heart defect, rheumatic fever, radiation therapy, medication or inflammation of the membrane of the heart can also cause the valve to narrow. ...
... leaflets occurs as one gets older. Aortic stenosis most typically occurs in patients older than 75 years of age. In a minority of cases, a congenital heart defect, rheumatic fever, radiation therapy, medication or inflammation of the membrane of the heart can also cause the valve to narrow. ...
Lymphatic Immune
... 3. Briefly summarize the aspects of the second line of defense in non-specific immunity: phagocytosis, inflammation, and immune chemicals such as complement,etc.. 4. Describe the series of events in the inflammatory response. Be sure to include the “cause” of each of the three inflammation symptoms: ...
... 3. Briefly summarize the aspects of the second line of defense in non-specific immunity: phagocytosis, inflammation, and immune chemicals such as complement,etc.. 4. Describe the series of events in the inflammatory response. Be sure to include the “cause” of each of the three inflammation symptoms: ...
Viral Sore Throat (Pharyngitis, non-Strep)
... and flu viruses can cause a sore throat. However, it is hard even for doctors to tell if it’s a strep infection just by looking at the throat. That is why doctors usually do a strep test on sore throats. A rapid strep test can be done in the doctor’s office in a few minutes. It is about 95% accurate ...
... and flu viruses can cause a sore throat. However, it is hard even for doctors to tell if it’s a strep infection just by looking at the throat. That is why doctors usually do a strep test on sore throats. A rapid strep test can be done in the doctor’s office in a few minutes. It is about 95% accurate ...
valvular heart disease
... Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis caused by infectious agents. The agents are usually bacterial, but other organisms can also be responsible. ...
... Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis caused by infectious agents. The agents are usually bacterial, but other organisms can also be responsible. ...
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CHILDREN
... Mumps usually begins with 2 or 3 days of discomfort and an increasing temperature. This is followed by the onset of discomfort and swelling of the parotid glands, which are situated below the ears and normally cannot be felt. The swelling can be in both glands or just one side and can cause the earl ...
... Mumps usually begins with 2 or 3 days of discomfort and an increasing temperature. This is followed by the onset of discomfort and swelling of the parotid glands, which are situated below the ears and normally cannot be felt. The swelling can be in both glands or just one side and can cause the earl ...
ACHA Q and A: Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great
... made in infancy. However, it is not unusual for CCTGA to be found later in childhood or adulthood. This is because you can have no symptoms and have CCTGA. Often it is the start of new heart symptoms that lead to a diagnosis of CCTGA. Sometimes it is found accidentally when routine heart tests are d ...
... made in infancy. However, it is not unusual for CCTGA to be found later in childhood or adulthood. This is because you can have no symptoms and have CCTGA. Often it is the start of new heart symptoms that lead to a diagnosis of CCTGA. Sometimes it is found accidentally when routine heart tests are d ...
Disease Eradication
... campaign limited in time and carried to such a degree of perfection that limited in time and carried to such a degree of perfection that when it comes to an end, there is no resumption of transmission” ...
... campaign limited in time and carried to such a degree of perfection that limited in time and carried to such a degree of perfection that when it comes to an end, there is no resumption of transmission” ...
Heart Failure
... Beta-Blockers • Cardioprotective effects due to blockade of excessive sympathetic stimulation • In the short-term, beta blocker decreases myocardial contractility; increase in EF after 1-3 months of use • Reduce the combined risk of morbidity and mortality, or disease progression • Metoprolol SR (Be ...
... Beta-Blockers • Cardioprotective effects due to blockade of excessive sympathetic stimulation • In the short-term, beta blocker decreases myocardial contractility; increase in EF after 1-3 months of use • Reduce the combined risk of morbidity and mortality, or disease progression • Metoprolol SR (Be ...
The Word on Heart Murmurs
... Diagnosing the Cause of A Heart Murmur Heart murmurs, by themselves, do not cause symptoms. Patients cannot hear their own heart murmurs; only a physician can do so with the aid of a stethoscope. Therefore, heart murmurs are generally discovered during routine physical examinations, or during examin ...
... Diagnosing the Cause of A Heart Murmur Heart murmurs, by themselves, do not cause symptoms. Patients cannot hear their own heart murmurs; only a physician can do so with the aid of a stethoscope. Therefore, heart murmurs are generally discovered during routine physical examinations, or during examin ...
A Repairable Heart - Max-Planck
... the heart repairs itself to some extent after damage. It’s possible that nsCCN is involved in the process when newt cells undergo reverse development. This is the very trick that newts employ. “The amphibians don’t regenerate defective tissue or amputated limbs from stem cells to any meaningful exte ...
... the heart repairs itself to some extent after damage. It’s possible that nsCCN is involved in the process when newt cells undergo reverse development. This is the very trick that newts employ. “The amphibians don’t regenerate defective tissue or amputated limbs from stem cells to any meaningful exte ...
management of asymptomatic aortic stenosis: what is new in 2015?
... Heart Association guidelines, peak velocity greater than 4 m/sec, or a mean gradient of more than 40 mmHg and a valve area of less than 1.0 cm2 is considered hemodynamically severe aortic stenosis. Aortic valve surgery promptly should be done in symptomatic patients due to dismal prognosis without o ...
... Heart Association guidelines, peak velocity greater than 4 m/sec, or a mean gradient of more than 40 mmHg and a valve area of less than 1.0 cm2 is considered hemodynamically severe aortic stenosis. Aortic valve surgery promptly should be done in symptomatic patients due to dismal prognosis without o ...
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart
... is due to their low cost and ready availability. Sheep hearts usually come from the packing houses with the major vessels trimmed very close to the heart itself. This is normal and although not ideal from a dissecting standpoint, they are still very easy to work with. Preserved hearts come in two wa ...
... is due to their low cost and ready availability. Sheep hearts usually come from the packing houses with the major vessels trimmed very close to the heart itself. This is normal and although not ideal from a dissecting standpoint, they are still very easy to work with. Preserved hearts come in two wa ...
Etiology of congestive heart failure at a tertiary care hospital
... patients with heart failure. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defects (ASD) were the most common abnormalities amongst congenital heart disease. One patient had tetrology of Fallot. These findings are similar to already reported studies.20 ...
... patients with heart failure. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defects (ASD) were the most common abnormalities amongst congenital heart disease. One patient had tetrology of Fallot. These findings are similar to already reported studies.20 ...
RFC_CP_Decouverte_immunologie_CIML
... and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), they have thus demonstrated that the protective action of T lymphocytes and of an ILC subtype (ILC3 NCR+) is not only redundant, but that the latter can even “take over the work” where the T lymphocytes fail. “This is the first time that redundancy between thes ...
... and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), they have thus demonstrated that the protective action of T lymphocytes and of an ILC subtype (ILC3 NCR+) is not only redundant, but that the latter can even “take over the work” where the T lymphocytes fail. “This is the first time that redundancy between thes ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Blood vessels within the lungs become swollen and fluid leaks into the lung tissue causing pulmonary edema. If untreated, the person suffocates. ...
... Blood vessels within the lungs become swollen and fluid leaks into the lung tissue causing pulmonary edema. If untreated, the person suffocates. ...
Rheumatoid Arthritis “An Autoimmune Mystery”
... child of 16 years of age or less. There are three types, classified by the number of joints involved and symptoms. Pauciarticular, the most common, four joints or fewer are affected. ...
... child of 16 years of age or less. There are three types, classified by the number of joints involved and symptoms. Pauciarticular, the most common, four joints or fewer are affected. ...
Atrial fibrillation
... pulmonic valves are also evaluated. Measurement of cardiac troponin (a blood test), may help to establish whether there is underlying cardiac muscle damage. ...
... pulmonic valves are also evaluated. Measurement of cardiac troponin (a blood test), may help to establish whether there is underlying cardiac muscle damage. ...
Heart Failure Fact Sheet
... Regular Monitoring: It is very important for patients with heart failure to monitor their symptoms and report any changes to their healthcare team. This may involve daily weigh-ins to track water retention, closely watching swelling and monitoring changes in ability to exercise. Medications: Hea ...
... Regular Monitoring: It is very important for patients with heart failure to monitor their symptoms and report any changes to their healthcare team. This may involve daily weigh-ins to track water retention, closely watching swelling and monitoring changes in ability to exercise. Medications: Hea ...
Fever Guidelines
... Fever Guidelines Fever is one of the most common medical signs and is characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range. Normal body temperature is a range, for example, medically frail elderly have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a “normal” temperature of 37.2°C ...
... Fever Guidelines Fever is one of the most common medical signs and is characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range. Normal body temperature is a range, for example, medically frail elderly have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a “normal” temperature of 37.2°C ...
Anti-food polysaccharide antibody formation in Inflammatory
... Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 400 people per 100K populations in UK, which burdens the NHS with £720 million per annum (British Society of Gastroenterology, 2009). It has been shown that IBD patients produce an abnormally high level of ant ...
... Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 400 people per 100K populations in UK, which burdens the NHS with £720 million per annum (British Society of Gastroenterology, 2009). It has been shown that IBD patients produce an abnormally high level of ant ...
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever, also known as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a throat infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and a characteristic but uncommon non itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. The heart is involved in about half of cases. Permanent damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually only occurs after multiple attacks but may occasionally occur after a single case of ARF. The damaged valves may result in heart failure. The abnormal valves also increase the risk of the person developing atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves.Acute rheumatic fever may occur following an infection of the throat by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. If it is untreated ARF occurs in up to three percent of people. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve the production of antibodies against a person's own tissues. Some people due to their genetics are more likely to get the disease when exposed to the bacteria than others. Other risk factors include malnutrition and poverty. Diagnosis of ARF is often based on the presence of signs and symptoms in combination with evidence of a recent streptococcal infection.Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics, such as penicillin, decreases their risk of getting ARF. This often involves testing people with sore throats for the infection, which may not be available in the developing world. Other preventative measures include improved sanitation. In those with ARF and RHD prolonged periods of antibiotics are sometimes recommended. Gradual return to normal activities may occur following an attack. Once RHD develops, treatment is more difficult. Occasionally valve replacement surgery or repair is required. Otherwise complications are treated as per normal.Acute rheumatic fever occurs in about 325,000 children each year and about 18 million people currently have rheumatic heart disease. Those who get ARF are most often between the ages of 5 and 14, with 20% of first-time attacks occurring in adults. The disease is most common in the developing world and among indigenous peoples in the developed world. In 2013 it resulted in 275,000 deaths down from 374,000 deaths in 1990. Most deaths occur in the developing world where as many as 12.5% of people affected may die each year. Descriptions of the condition are believed to date back to at least the 5th century BCE in the writings of Hippocrates. The disease is so named because its symptoms are similar to those of some rheumatic disorders.