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Externalizing Internal State *
Externalizing Internal State *

... the first to formalize the modification of an environment that externalizes the internal states. Since some reactive robots exhibited problems like deadlocks and myopic functionality, hybrid architectures with modules like planners began to be explored. In this transition, the potential of reactivit ...
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... “The exciting new effort to make computers think… machines with minds,in the full and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, Richard Bellman (1920-84) problem solving, learning…” (Bellman, 1978) ...
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Swarm Intelligence
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... Particle swarm optimization imitates human or insects social behavior. Individuals interact with one another while learning from their own experience, and gradually move towards the goal. It is easily implemented and has proven both very effective and quick when applied to a diverse set of optimizat ...
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... interaction of brain, body, and environment. Flexibility and intelligence are seen as properties of embodied, situated systems, and embodiment is needed for the development of cognitive abilities as cognition is strongly contingent upon our bodily immersion in an environment to which we are coupled ...
Philosophy and Computing: An Introduction
Philosophy and Computing: An Introduction

... of information will need to undertake. Philosophers constantly occupy themselves with conceptual problems and explanations. There are philosophers’ problems, which people often find uninteresting and are glad to leave to the specialists, and there are philosophical problems, problems about which any ...
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Philosophy of artificial intelligence



The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as: Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking? Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer? Can a machine have a mind, mental states and consciousness in the same sense humans do? Can it feel how things are?These three questions reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, cognitive scientists and philosophers respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend on the definition of ""intelligence"" and ""consciousness"" and exactly which ""machines"" are under discussion.Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include:Turing's ""polite convention"": If a machine behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being. The Dartmouth proposal: ""Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."" Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis: ""A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."" Searle's strong AI hypothesis: ""The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds."" Hobbes' mechanism: ""Reason is nothing but reckoning.""↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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