1 Basics of Semiconductor and Spin Physics
... acts on the electron magnetic moment. This is the physical origin of the spin–orbit interaction,1 the role of which strongly increases for heavy atoms (with large Z). The reason is that there is a certain probability for the outer electron to approach the nucleus and thus to see the very strong elec ...
... acts on the electron magnetic moment. This is the physical origin of the spin–orbit interaction,1 the role of which strongly increases for heavy atoms (with large Z). The reason is that there is a certain probability for the outer electron to approach the nucleus and thus to see the very strong elec ...
LETTERS Generation of Fock states in a superconducting quantum circuit
... states, which are states with specific numbers of energy quanta, but such states are hard to create3–7. Here we demonstrate the controlled generation of multi-photon Fock states in a solid-state system. We use a superconducting phase qubit8, which is a close approximation to a two-level spin system, ...
... states, which are states with specific numbers of energy quanta, but such states are hard to create3–7. Here we demonstrate the controlled generation of multi-photon Fock states in a solid-state system. We use a superconducting phase qubit8, which is a close approximation to a two-level spin system, ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.