Drift and “Statistically Abstractive Explanation”
... says, drift interferes with and opposes the drive to the deterministic outcome. This is why we get variant outcomes. Now, Sober is clearly not saying just that genotype frequencies depart from expected values in small populations. He is positing a cause of this discrepancy. He makes this explicit in ...
... says, drift interferes with and opposes the drive to the deterministic outcome. This is why we get variant outcomes. Now, Sober is clearly not saying just that genotype frequencies depart from expected values in small populations. He is positing a cause of this discrepancy. He makes this explicit in ...
Estimation of the upper limit of the mutation rate and mean
... of U and Uhs with the method of Deng et al. (2006). In brief, mutations are assumed to be strictly deleterious for the fitness trait studied, and a variable proportion of them are assumed to have a pleiotropic advantageous effect on another fitness trait, generating overdominance on global fitness. Usin ...
... of U and Uhs with the method of Deng et al. (2006). In brief, mutations are assumed to be strictly deleterious for the fitness trait studied, and a variable proportion of them are assumed to have a pleiotropic advantageous effect on another fitness trait, generating overdominance on global fitness. Usin ...
Review of P. Godfrey-Smith`s Darwinian populations and natural
... In the second conception, the reproducing entities are cultural variants themselves. Ideas, words, behaviours, artefacts would reproduce and be selected. This approach has been dominated by the ‘meme’ view, a ‘meme’ being a cultural replicator. PGS shows that several cultural phenomena may look Darw ...
... In the second conception, the reproducing entities are cultural variants themselves. Ideas, words, behaviours, artefacts would reproduce and be selected. This approach has been dominated by the ‘meme’ view, a ‘meme’ being a cultural replicator. PGS shows that several cultural phenomena may look Darw ...
Chapter 21: The Mechanisms of Evolution
... Charles Darwin and Adaptation • Modern genetics has elucidated the mechanisms of heredity, which have provided the solid base that supports and substantiates Darwin’s theory. ...
... Charles Darwin and Adaptation • Modern genetics has elucidated the mechanisms of heredity, which have provided the solid base that supports and substantiates Darwin’s theory. ...
Heterogeneous Stocks and Selective Breeding in Aging Research
... associated with variability in a phenotype of interest. These regions vary in size and may contain one or more as yet unidentified genes affecting the trait. The nomination of QTLs is often an early step in exploring the causal chain back to the molecular level of the gene. In a landmark applicatio ...
... associated with variability in a phenotype of interest. These regions vary in size and may contain one or more as yet unidentified genes affecting the trait. The nomination of QTLs is often an early step in exploring the causal chain back to the molecular level of the gene. In a landmark applicatio ...
Review Evolution of Sex: Why Do Organisms Shuffle
... CAB, more commonly known as the two-way linkage disequilibrium. In diploids, there are also associations between alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. For example, consider a diploid model with a single di-allelic locus. The population could be described by the frequencies of genotype ...
... CAB, more commonly known as the two-way linkage disequilibrium. In diploids, there are also associations between alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. For example, consider a diploid model with a single di-allelic locus. The population could be described by the frequencies of genotype ...
High Quality
... with favorable ones enhancing survival. For counsel and population by Thomas Malthus, which Darwin perused “for comment, Wallace sent his paper to — Darwin. amusement” in 1838. About 15 months earlier, Darwin had Dismayed, Darwin sought advice from Lyell. Wallace’s idea begun a systematic investigat ...
... with favorable ones enhancing survival. For counsel and population by Thomas Malthus, which Darwin perused “for comment, Wallace sent his paper to — Darwin. amusement” in 1838. About 15 months earlier, Darwin had Dismayed, Darwin sought advice from Lyell. Wallace’s idea begun a systematic investigat ...
The dimensions, modes and definitions of species and
... This means that selection keeps organisms more or less adapted (there are lag effects, ‘‘you can’t get there from here’’ situations, and competing fitnesses of different genes that almost guarantee that no organism will be entirely fit or well adapted), but the form of the adaptation suite, that is, the ...
... This means that selection keeps organisms more or less adapted (there are lag effects, ‘‘you can’t get there from here’’ situations, and competing fitnesses of different genes that almost guarantee that no organism will be entirely fit or well adapted), but the form of the adaptation suite, that is, the ...
Disruptive Selection in Natural Populations: The
... the width of the orbitohyoideus (OH) muscle and number of rows of labial teeth (LT). We also characterized the shape of each tadpole’s keratinized mouthparts (MP). We standardized OH for body size (SVL) by regressing ln (i.e., natural log) OH on ln SVL and used the resulting residuals for the subseq ...
... the width of the orbitohyoideus (OH) muscle and number of rows of labial teeth (LT). We also characterized the shape of each tadpole’s keratinized mouthparts (MP). We standardized OH for body size (SVL) by regressing ln (i.e., natural log) OH on ln SVL and used the resulting residuals for the subseq ...
Activity 1: Darwin`s Great Voyage of Discovery
... In 1831, at the time of Darwin's voyage, travel was difficult and costly, and people seldom ventured far from their homes. Darwin, however, spent five years exploring the world. He set foot on many locations in the Southern hemisphere. As he traveled from place to place, Darwin was surprised, not by ...
... In 1831, at the time of Darwin's voyage, travel was difficult and costly, and people seldom ventured far from their homes. Darwin, however, spent five years exploring the world. He set foot on many locations in the Southern hemisphere. As he traveled from place to place, Darwin was surprised, not by ...
Chapter 13 - MRMWILLIS
... natural selection in an early outline that he showed to only a few scientists he knew and trusted. • Darwin decided to publish after he received a letter and essay in June 1858 from the young English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), who was in Malaysia at the time. Wallace’s essay descr ...
... natural selection in an early outline that he showed to only a few scientists he knew and trusted. • Darwin decided to publish after he received a letter and essay in June 1858 from the young English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), who was in Malaysia at the time. Wallace’s essay descr ...
Evidence for Evolution
... Darwin hypothesized that the Galápagos finches he observed had descended from a common ancestor. He noted that several finch species have beaks of very different sizes and shapes. Each species uses its beak like a specialized tool to pick up and handle its food. Different types of foods are most eas ...
... Darwin hypothesized that the Galápagos finches he observed had descended from a common ancestor. He noted that several finch species have beaks of very different sizes and shapes. Each species uses its beak like a specialized tool to pick up and handle its food. Different types of foods are most eas ...
Part II: Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
... water snakes that is similar to the scenario you investigated in question 3. On islands in Lake Erie, the allele for banded coloration is deleterious. The allele is fixed on the mainland, Box 7.2 on pages 238-239 however, and migrants move from the mainland to the islands each generation. Box 6.2 on ...
... water snakes that is similar to the scenario you investigated in question 3. On islands in Lake Erie, the allele for banded coloration is deleterious. The allele is fixed on the mainland, Box 7.2 on pages 238-239 however, and migrants move from the mainland to the islands each generation. Box 6.2 on ...
how mechanistic biology can inform molecular ecology
... the function and ⁄ or amount of proteins, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertion– deletion polymorphisms (indels), microsatellites and larger copy number variants (Feder 2007). All of these types of genetic variation have been shown to contribute to variation in ecological ...
... the function and ⁄ or amount of proteins, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertion– deletion polymorphisms (indels), microsatellites and larger copy number variants (Feder 2007). All of these types of genetic variation have been shown to contribute to variation in ecological ...
Sample Chapter - HSC Course Text
... and/or functioning. If these variations confer some kind of an advantage, they enable organisms to better survive a change in the environment. Those organisms that are well suited to a habitat survive to reproduce (described as ‘survival of the fittest’ by a later biologist) and these surviving indi ...
... and/or functioning. If these variations confer some kind of an advantage, they enable organisms to better survive a change in the environment. Those organisms that are well suited to a habitat survive to reproduce (described as ‘survival of the fittest’ by a later biologist) and these surviving indi ...
15-1 The Puzzle of Life`s Diversity Evolution
... c. do not vary from one location to another. d. remain unchanged when the environment ...
... c. do not vary from one location to another. d. remain unchanged when the environment ...
Migration and Drift
... water snakes that is similar to the scenario you investigated in question 3. On islands in Lake Erie, the allele for banded coloration is deleterious. The allele is fixed on the mainland, however, and migrants move from the mainland to the islands each generation. Box 6.2 on pages 161-162 describes ...
... water snakes that is similar to the scenario you investigated in question 3. On islands in Lake Erie, the allele for banded coloration is deleterious. The allele is fixed on the mainland, however, and migrants move from the mainland to the islands each generation. Box 6.2 on pages 161-162 describes ...
Genetic correlations between adults and larvae in a marine fish
... genetically correlated with adult traits that are under fishery selection (e.g. size or growth rate), then fishery selection may decrease population viability by selecting for individuals that are less able to replenish the population (Kirkpatrick 1993; Munch et al. 2005; Walsh et al. 2006). Because ...
... genetically correlated with adult traits that are under fishery selection (e.g. size or growth rate), then fishery selection may decrease population viability by selecting for individuals that are less able to replenish the population (Kirkpatrick 1993; Munch et al. 2005; Walsh et al. 2006). Because ...
View/Open - Rice Scholarship Home
... fundamental propositions of Darwinism. W e know that mutations occur in many directions, and that most of them are not beneficial. W e know that the more injurious they are the earlier the individuals possessing them are eliminated. There is an immense elimination of germ-cells; among mammals not on ...
... fundamental propositions of Darwinism. W e know that mutations occur in many directions, and that most of them are not beneficial. W e know that the more injurious they are the earlier the individuals possessing them are eliminated. There is an immense elimination of germ-cells; among mammals not on ...
Isolation by environment
... in Euphydryas butterflies, hybrids from parents adapted to different hosts exhibit intermediate traits that are significantly maladaptive, including foraging and oviposition behaviours (McBride & Singer 2010). These cases will mostly serve to strengthen the patterns resulting from natural or sexual ...
... in Euphydryas butterflies, hybrids from parents adapted to different hosts exhibit intermediate traits that are significantly maladaptive, including foraging and oviposition behaviours (McBride & Singer 2010). These cases will mostly serve to strengthen the patterns resulting from natural or sexual ...
Unifying Within- and Between-Generation Bet
... bet hedging in large populations. Revisiting the wet-dry scenario. To get a better sense of what all this means, I revisit the case of wet-specialists, dry-specialists, and diversified genotypes. I assume that a randomly chosen individual across space and time has 50% chance of having experienced a w ...
... bet hedging in large populations. Revisiting the wet-dry scenario. To get a better sense of what all this means, I revisit the case of wet-specialists, dry-specialists, and diversified genotypes. I assume that a randomly chosen individual across space and time has 50% chance of having experienced a w ...
Software for Evolutionary Analysis © 2002 Jon C
... evolution by natural selection works as follows: If a population contains variation, and if the variation is at least partly heritable, and if some variants survive to reproduce at higher rates than others, then the population will evolve. That is, the composition of the population will change acros ...
... evolution by natural selection works as follows: If a population contains variation, and if the variation is at least partly heritable, and if some variants survive to reproduce at higher rates than others, then the population will evolve. That is, the composition of the population will change acros ...
Preview Sample 2
... b. Different species occupied identical habitats on the east and west sides of an island. c. Some 100 new species of flowering plants existed only on these islands. d. The people on these islands were well adapted to their environment. Ans: d ...
... b. Different species occupied identical habitats on the east and west sides of an island. c. Some 100 new species of flowering plants existed only on these islands. d. The people on these islands were well adapted to their environment. Ans: d ...
Learning goal
... disprove evolution. Evolutionary biologists do not expect that all transitional forms will be found and realize that many species leave no fossils at all. Lots of organisms don't fossilize well and the environmental conditions for forming good fossils are not that common. So, science actually predic ...
... disprove evolution. Evolutionary biologists do not expect that all transitional forms will be found and realize that many species leave no fossils at all. Lots of organisms don't fossilize well and the environmental conditions for forming good fossils are not that common. So, science actually predic ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.